Is Heart Rate Variability the best biomarker of the time to track our longevity? In this episode we look at why HRV may be the best way to track how well you are aging and the bets being placed on it in Silicon Valley to drive innovation in anti-aging and longevity research.

Previously we’ve looked at using HRV for training and recovery, stress management, and tracking hormesis. If you are new to biohacking, HRV is an easy economical way to start tracking. All one needs is a heart rate strap and phone app.

The activity around HRV in Silicon Valley originates from The Palo Alto Longevity Prize – a one million dollar life science competition to “hack the code” that regulates our health and lifespan. The prize is using HRV as a proxy measurement for longevity, so teams will compete against each other to find tools and tactics to increase the HRV metric – and thereby potential longevity.

“Whenever you want to nurture innovation, you need to have metrics… The reason HRV was chosen was… one, we have decades worth of heart rate variability data…. there is good cohort data, population level data, that suggests that declining HRV is also due to a chronologic age…. [and] unlike most biomarkers in health, HRV can be measured continuously, contextually. You can measure it for 24 hours.”

– Dr. Joon Yun

Today’s interview is with the man behind the Palo Alto Longevity Prize, Dr. Joon Yun. Dr. Yun is managing partner and president of Palo Alto Investors,LLC, which oversees 1.8 billion dollars in assets invested in healthcare. Dr. Joon Yun is board certified in Radiology, was clinically trained at Stanford and received his M. D. from Duke Medical School. He has published numerous scientific articles, and has a column in Forbes magazine. Recently, he agreed to sponsor the Palo Alto Longevity Prize by donating 1 million dollars to this life-science competition.

The show notes, biomarkers, and links to the apps, devices and labs and everything else mentioned are below. Enjoy the show and let me know what you think in the comments!

itunes quantified body

Show Notes

  • By the mid 40’s there are both subjective (able to be felt) examples and objective (not felt) examples of homeostatic capacity loss. (3:46).
  • Prior to middle life, the body’s homeostatic capacity is able to return to baseline (5:00).
  • Aging can be thought of as a decline in the body’s ability to get back to homeostasis due to an erosion of homeostatic capacity (5:27).
  • The healthcare system is centered on returning homeostasis and not homeostatic capacity (5:41).
  • The goal of the Palo Alto Prize is target and nurture ways to improve and restore homeostatic capacity, instead of restoring homeostasis (6:10).
  • There is some overlap in hormesis and homeostatic capacity (9:20).
  • Challenges to the body can increase homeostatic capacity (9:53).
  • The final perimeters of the Palo Alto Prize were announced at the end of 2014 (10:29).
  • Millions of people succumb to aging or aging-related issues. Thus, the sooner we start, the more people can benefit (11:19).
  • This is the first prize Dr. Joon Yun has sponsored (12:09).
  • Despite the innumerable traits of homeostatic capacity happening on the physiological level, there are existing biomarkers that represent proxies of homeostatic capacity (12:51).
  • Practical reason for why HRV was chosen as a biomarker include: (1) ability to be measured continuously (this is a unique feature compared to other health biomarkers); (2) ability to be measured contextually; and (3) ability to be measured non-invasively. Globally, there are numerous devices available to help measure HRV, thus providing an opportunity for a range of teams to apply for the prize (15:34).
  • Orthostatic hypotension was another biomarker considered (16:50).
  • Too rapid heart rate response or insufficient heart rate response during cardiac stress testing may indicate dysfunction in certain areas (18:05).
  • The data from orthostatic hypotension, cardiac stress testing, and heart rate decline after exercise are strong relative to other areas of homeostatic capacity assessment (19:05).
  • The goal of the project is to gather more data and develop more biomarkers of homeostatic capacity (19:14).
  • The definition (or standard) of HRV to be used in awarding the Palo Alto Prize will be determined by a team of experts (19:45).
  • Dr. Joon Yun does not track biomarkers on a routine basis (20:51).
  • Dr. Joon Yun’s single most important recommendation is exercise to improve your health, longevity and performance (23:37).

Thank Dr. Joon Yun on Twitter for this interview.
Click Here to let him know you enjoyed the show!

Dr. Joon Yun

The Tracking

Biomarkers

  • Heart Rate Variability (HRV): measurement of how one’s heart rate varies over time. Dr. Joon Yun describes HRV as a proxy for autonomic capacity, which itself is a surrogate of overall homeostatic capacity. Additionally, HRV can be taken continuously and non-invasively. Please check out other episodes for details on how to track HRV and optimum ranges.
  • Orthostatic Hypotension: measures the ability of the body to recalibrate blood pressure when moving from a lying to sitting position or a sitting to standing position. In aging, it has been associatively observed that the body’s ability to adapt to rapid changes in blood pressure deteriorates. Therefore, this is one way to infer homeostatic capacity and is another biomarker considered for the prize.
  • Heart Rate Recovery: measures autonomic capacity by looking at heart rate behavior after exercise. Looking at this decline over a certain time period gives insight into the function of the heart when compared with a normal curve.
  • RMSSD (Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences): the industry standard for measuring and calculating HRV. Discussed in more details in Episode 1 & Episode 6.
  • lnRMSSDx20 (RMSSD with natural log and multiple of 20 applied): applications have begun using this measure. This is RMSSD scaled to an index of 100 for easier use. Discussed in more details in Episode 1 & Episode 6.

Terms

  • Homeostatic capacity: a network of traits in our bodies to achieve homeostasis. It is the body’s ability to “self-tune” or, in response to stressors, its capability to self-stabilize. This capacity or trait is inborn: when we are young, the feeling of health feels like “nothing”. Once it begins to decline in midlife, we become aware of it. For instance, we notice an inability to tolerate hot or cold weather or that the recovery from a late night takes longer that it use to. There are also changes not necessarily felt, such as homeostatic capacity returning elevated blood pressure to base levels.

Lab Tests, Devices and Apps

  • Cardiac Stress Test: this test is an assessment of the body’s response to an exercise heart rate challenge. Dr. Joon Yun describes this as a test, common in standard practice, that can be viewed as a “homeostatic capacity test”.

Other People, Books & Resources

People

  • Edward J. Calabrese Ph.D.: Dr. Joon Yun first heard about the idea of hormesis from him.
  • Aubrey de Grey: a link to Aubrey de Grey’s published work. He was also mentioned in this episode by Dr. Joon Yun in reference to the Methuselah prize. We talked to Aubrey de Grey about his framework to increase longevity in Episode 14.

Organizations

  • Methuselah Mouse Prize (MPrize): started in 2003, this prize was designed to accelerate the development of life extension therapies. In 2009, the MPrize for both longevity and rejuvenation were awarded. Currently, $1.4 million is available for awarding to researchers who can top previous winners’ performances.

Full Interview Transcript

Transcript - Click Here to Read
[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, it’s great to have you here.

So, you’re involved in this big project called the Palo Alto Longevity Prize. Could you give us a run down. What is the vision behind that, and why have you put this together now?

[Dr. Joon Yun]: The vision of the Palo Alto Prize is to nurture innovation that improves the homeostatic capacity as a gateway into promoting healthy longevity, and health span.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, so, I think a lot of people aren’t exactly sure what homeostatic capacity is. So how would you describe that, and why is it particularly this homeostatic capacity that you’re linking to longevity?

[Dr. Joon Yun]: Most people are familiar with the word homeostasis. So think of homeostatic capacity as a network of traits in our body that enable us to achieve homeostasis.

Now homeostatic capacity is something that’s endowed by nature. It’s been shaped by evolution. And you can think about it as robustness, resilience, coping mechanism, dynamic range, anti-fragility. These are all kind of similar concepts. But the basic notion is that we have an incredible set of traits that enables our bodies to self tune.

One of the ironic things about homeostatic capacity is that we don’t really realize we have it until we start losing it, typically in mid-life, where all the sudden you start to feel things that you didn’t feel before. At nighttime, it’s a little too dark, the sun shines a little too bright during the day. [When] riding a roller coaster, you may come out of it nauseous, because your body doesn’t re-calibrate. Altitude sickness starts emerging around then. The bouncing back from injury or jet lag, or a late night.

All these things are suggestive ways that we start to experience the loss of something that we didn’t have. That we didn’t used to feel. The loss of something that we didn’t feel when we were younger.

In fact, when we’re 12 years old, another way to define health is the feeling of nothing. When we’re young and we’re healthy, what we feel is nothing. It’s when we start feeling something that we realize something’s going on.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, right. So in a sense, this is balance, and you’re just feeling well without any negative symptoms, or negative feelings, I guess.

[Dr. Joon Yun]: Yes. So you can think about homeostatic capacity as your body’s ability to self tune, and get back into balance or homeostasis. But think about all the things that happen…well.

So we’ve described the things that are subjective that you can experience. There’s also a lot of objective things that you can’t feel, but start to emerge by the middle of life, again that’s defined by the mid-forties.

When we’re young and our blood pressure’s high, or our blood sugar is high, the body has the homeostatic capacity to return those numbers to a normal baseline. But as we age, a lot of those numbers no longer return to baseline. They remain high.

And we call those situations diseases like hyper-tension and diabetes. The thing about a lot of the diseases of aging as reflections of the body’s declining intrinsic ability to get back to homeostasis because of potential underlying and inevitable erosion of homeostatic capacity.

Now what we do in the health care system today, we provide an external mechanism called the health care system, we trying now here in the US to help the body get back to homeostasis. But because we’re trying to restore homeostasis, and not necessarily focused on restoring homeostatic capacity, the inevitable loss of homeostatic capacity continues manifesting in increasing features of aging. And in the long run the health care system can no longer help the person make the homeostasis, and then death ensues.

So the gambit of the prize is to target and nurture innovations that improve homeostatic capacity. That we restore homeostatic capacity instead of restoring homeostasis, to see if this could be a gateway into improving health, and sustain health, and longevity could be an outcome of that.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. So this is an area you feel is undervalued, under-utilized, and currently when it comes to health and health care, and it’s something you want to promote.

What is the kind of vision behind the prize? For instance, we had an interview with Aubrey de Grey recently, and he’s talking about extending lifespan considerably. Would you put it along those kind of lines, or is it more kind of making sure that we live to our prime years 80 years old, 90 years old, 100 years and we live really well, versus having the current diseases which plague a lot of people these days?

[Dr. Joon Yun]: Well it’s really about promoting health. Longevity might be an outcome, but there’s a difference between something being an outcome and a goal.

Our goal is to improve health, and helping longevity may be a consequence of that. So I do think that the target is a little it different. And I also think that the target, the homeostatic capacity, is different than homeostasis.

To give you the example of high blood pressure. Think about high blood pressure or hyper-tension as it’s called medically as the lab error reported by the body of the blood pressure being too high. And the way we fix this is in the modern medical system is we give patients drugs that normalize that blood pressure. Meaning, return it back to a number associated with homeostasis.

But because we are externally providing that capacity, when you miss your dose of drug, or when you come off a drug, in many cases your baseline has progressed, and may be even worse. Because the one thing your body knows how to do is to homeostasis against all the external challenges. The more it sees blood pressure lowering drugs, in many ways the body rebounds. It’s called toxic phalasis.

And this is a challenge with most pharmaceuticals that the body remodels against the drug. So when you come off the drug, your lag error can even be worse. You can have rebound hyper-tension, something called addiction decompensation.

The way nature addresses high blood pressure is by exercising. Meaning the natural way to treat hyper-tension is to leverage your homeostatic capacity as a way to lower your blood pressure. Meaning, when we exercise, we’re actually increasing our blood pressure by challenging it. And in this sense, the homeostatic capacity can be stronger. And so the baseline blood pressure actually gets lower the more times you raise it. So it’s almost a mirror image of what we’re doing with the medical system today.

And when we think about the diffuse benefits of aging in, really, all those views of aging, including longevity itself, it’s generally suggested that using homeostatic capacity as a treatment for aging, rather than tools of homeostasis, may actually work in terms of expanding health for society and expanding longevity.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. Thanks. We’ve spoken about hormesis quite a few times on the podcast before. Would you say it’s related to hormesis? When you were talking about exercise, it sounded very similar to the kind of hormetic discussions we’ve spoken about. So are homeostasis and hormesis linked?

[Dr. Joon Yun]: Some people may find some overlapping ideas. Hormesis I first learned of it through some some great body by Ed Calabrese, out in the East Coast. My understanding of it is that it’s the notion that at different ends of the curve your going to have differences in response.

I guess there’s some relation to it, although I think the mechanism attributed to hormesis has been debated out there. But the notion that challenges to the body that, many challenges to the body can actually paradoxically induce competitory strength, or induction of homeostatic capacity. But I do think that there’s some overlap in the ideas.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. Thanks for that. Helps to situate our audience better.

Okay, so coming back to the Palo Alto Longevity Prize. Is there a specific reason why you decided to do it this year, and could you explain a bit more about the background? So you already have many teams participating in this challenge. Have they got any rules around defining the participation? So, have you said that there’s any restrictions to what they can do in order to compete? Or is it kind of very, very broad?

[Dr. Joon Yun]: The Palo Alto Longevity Prize is run by a team, including some of the scientific experts and industry experts in health care, and they’re the ones who convened to determine both the criteria, and they’ll represent the independent judging panel as well. And those final parameters will be announced to the public sometime this year. And there they’re accepting public comments.

Remember this is a new area, homeostatic capacity. It’s kind of a new word, although I think it is a phrase the scientific community understands, and it can embrace, and can develop innovations around. So we’re in the early stages of all that.

As to why do it this year? Well, we know that every year we wait, there’s enormous amounts of suffering that goes on around the planet associated with age and loss of life. And so we know that every week we wait, a million people have succumbed to aging or aging associated conditions. So, we think this is a very significant time, and the sooner we start, the better.

We do think that this is going to take some time, and maybe a series of prizes, with a lot of different starts. And we think it will be a long journey, but the earlier we start, the more people can benefit from improved health.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thank you very much. I understand that you’ve put your money, or is it Palo Alto Investors that have put the money in for the prize to stimulate? We’re seeing a lot more prizes now, as a method for stimulating innovation in other industries. I think this is the first one that’s tried to do it in health care, and certainly longevity. Or have you seen other ones before?

[Dr. Joon Yun]: I think there have been other prizes before. The [inaudible 11:56] Prize, Aubrey de Grey, the Methuselah Prize. I’m new to prizes. I’m the sponsor of the prize, and I learned about prizes with some of the experts in the prize community.

And one of the things I like about it is that it mirrors how evolution works, Darwinian evolution works. There’s a niche, there’s a diversity of options that compete for the niche, and there’s a winner.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. Coming back to the rules of the prize, you’ve decided to focus the prize on using heart rate variability, HRV, which we’ve covered quite often in this podcast before. Why did you decide that this was the biomarker you were going to use for the focus of the prize?

[Dr. Joon Yun]: Exactly. So whenever you want to nurture innovation, you need to have metrics. And homeostatic capacity is a new phrase, and there are some existing biomarkers or diagnostic tests that could represent proxies of homeostatic capacity.

But homeostatic capacity is a diffuse network of many, many innumerable traits. Such as physiological level, tissue level, systems level, molecular level, cellular level. It’s a composition and the inter-relationship between all of them. It’s a composite that reflects an overall organismic homeostatic capacity. So the challenge is how do you take and define biomarkers that represent copies that affect the surrogates for homeostatic capacity?

The reason HRV was chosen was, first of all, it represent a… Well, so HRV is heart rate variability. It is a biomarker of autonomic capacity, which itself is a surrogate of overall homeostatic capacity. So it’s just one variable that happens to have a number of features that make it interesting.

Number one, we have decades worth of heart rate variability data. It’s been in clinical use since 1963 to monitor fetal stress. And when HRV goes low, it’s one of the criteria for determining fetal stress and associated infant-fetal mortality. So it’s notable that it’s not used in the post-natal life, adulthood. I mean there are very few labs around the world that actually monitor HRV in patients as they get older.

And there is good cohort data, population level data, that suggests that declining HRV is also due to a chronologic age. And many of the diseases of aging are also associated with aberration in heart rate variability. None of this is established in a causal way, but the degree of association of HRV decline with some features of aging suggest that it might be an interesting biomarker.

But there’s some additional practical reasons why HRV was chosen. Unlike most biomarkers in health, HRV can be measured continuously, contextually. You can measure it for 24 hours. Most biomarkers, as you know, are done through blood tests, body fluid samples. You only get a snap shot in time. And given the dynamism of the system, most biomarkers have a tremendous amount of variation, even in a 24 hour cycle.

So the fact that [with] most biomarkers, it’s impractical to get continuous monitoring, and you can’t detect changing patterns, and changing dynamism over 24 hour life cycle, as well as in a very different context, make it less useful than HRV, which can be measured non-invasively, continuously.

There’s also a global footprint of devices, including consumer devices, that help measure HRV. What that does is opens up the aperture in terms of the breadth of teams that can apply for the prize. If we make the biomarkers too narrow, it limits the number of labs and groups around the world who might have an innovative idea on the intervention side to be able to process their innovation.

So there is a tradeoff between specificity of a biomarker for homeostatic capacity versus this practically of the diversity of options that we may be able to solicit. So, HRV, again, there’s been empirical association with aging. Mechanistically because it’s associated with autonomic capacity it is a feature of homeostatic capacity. It’s global footprint, non-invasive, continuous monitoring, and relatively inexpensive to obtain, unlike some biomarkers that are proprietary, it’s pretty costless.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thank you for that. Are there any other biomarkers that you looked at, and you considered for measuring homeostatic capacity?

[Dr. Joon Yun]: Absolutely. There’s only a small subset of modern diagnostic tests that actually assess homeostatic capacity. And you can think of a lot, well, actually get an annual checkup, but indirect proxies. But more direct proxies, more direct surrogates, really require tests themselves be dynamic.

So, an example of another potential surrogate is orthostatic hypo-tension. So it’s your ability of the cardiovascular system to recalibrate blood pressure from a sitting to a standing position, or lying to a sitting position. When we’re young, we have tremendous real time system dynamism that allows us to adjust to quite the rapid demand. And you really don’t have much else raising your blood pressure.

But as we get older, it’s observed that the body’s ability to adapt to those change in conditions deteriorates. So it’s associated with aging, and that’s one way to infer that there’s declining homeostatic capacity. And this may help explain why as you get older there’s one of the contributors to syncope, one of the contributors to declining ability to perform a lot of more strenuous physical tasks.

You can also start to think about the cardiac stress test as an example of a homeostatic capacity test. This is one of the ones that is more standard practice out there for the medicine of today. Essentially, one of the things we’re measuring is the body’s heart rate response to an exercise challenge.

And in some cases the heart rate response is too rapid. So that could reflect some dysfunction in the Diego Connor Response. And in some cases the heart rate increase is insufficient. So, BP is reflective of a system that is less dynamic than it used to be. And these things are associated in a lot of, on toward clinical outcomes in the long haul.

Anything where the heart rate declines after exercise. And one of the things we look for is does the heart rate return to normal, does it look like a normal heart? Does it happen in a normal amount of time? Because as we age and our intrinsically homeostatic capacity declines in which case this is a non-capacity there is abnormal return to normal as well.

So these are small subsets of the overall diagnosis landscape used in clinical medicines today, that we think already reflect homeostatic capacity. But those things require, there’s a higher burden in terms of throughput to asses innovation, and the tests themselves require more involvement.

And furthermore, the data in those areas are strong, although there are many others, but we certainly need more data across the spectrum. So one of the hopes for the competition is that we help promote the idea, that we gather more, and develop more biomarkers for homeostatic capacity.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Alright, great. Great, I didn’t realize that was part of the project. Have you defined the exact standard? Because there’s a few different standards of HRV out there.

One of the ones we’ve discussed quite a lot is is the natural log, RMSSD, which is multiplied by 20 and used by a lot of consumer devices at the moment. Have you defined that as yet, or are you going to be defining that at one stage as a criteria for use in the project?

[Dr. Joon Yun]: Yeah, we’re deferring that to a team of experts that have, they did the exact same topic. So, I’ll leave it up to them

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. How can people get involved in the Palo Alto Longevity Prize? I understand there’s already 15 teams which have signed up? Maybe there’s a few more already. What’s the timeline before, for instance, you stop accepting new teams, and then for the other steps of the project?

[Dr. Joon Yun]: Yeah, you know, I don’t have that information at my fingertips. Again, all of that, the process is being managed by the production team. And I’m a sponsor of the prize. So for those details I’ll have to refer you to the team.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: In terms of your own personal use of biomarkers, are there things that you use, or you track on a routine basis for your own health, longevity, or performance?

[Dr. Joon Yun]: You know, I actually haven’t. I haven’t thought about this project relative to my own health yet. It’s something that I probably will consider. But no, I’m not doing any personal tracking right now.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Maybe that’s because you’re really healthy and your homeostasis is pretty good, so you know you don’t feel out of sync, and the need to do it.

[Dr. Joon Yun]: Oh no, I definitely feel it. But yeah, these are early days, and I think a lot more science has to happen. And I think, I think we will learn about it, if nothing else, from this process.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. If someone is interested in getting involved in this, perhaps putting together a team, should they just go to the website for the Palo Alto Longevity Prize, or I understand it’s still available for signing up, as a project team. So would that be the best place to go?

[Dr. Joon Yun]: Yeah, I think the best way to engage is to read through the website. And I believe all the details are there, at the paloaltoprize.org. I believe all the teams have signed up through the website process.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Do you know if there’s other ways people can participate beyond just putting together a team?

[Dr. Joon Yun]: I don’t know, I don’t know. Again, I will defer that to the team, the way the public can engage.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. What do you think will happen in the next five or ten years in this area? Have you got some kind of vision or hopes, or are there any things that you’re excited about? The opportunities that are going to occur in this area, biomarkers or longevity, in the next five or ten years?

[Dr. Joon Yun]: I do hold out some hope that there’s a small chance that there are some major breakthroughs coming. And you can sense that even in talking with teams. Scientists tend to be pretty conservative, and also for reasons of competitiveness they tend to under-share hypotheses and preliminary data. And after you hear enough of these really intriguing, unique ideas, you realize that the scientific field is more advanced than the public realizes.

And one of those things that prizes are trying to accomplish prizes such as ours and the initiative such as ours is to accelerate those ideas and actions. So it’s possible that there’s some major breakthroughs that are possible in the five year time frame.

The thing that we know for sure, is that we’ll learn a ton, and the idea to create new paths and new avenues of research that give us more shots on goal in terms of improving people’s health.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. Thanks for that. Do you have one biggest recommendation or insight that you’ve used some kind of data, or you’ve learned about your biology when it comes to health, longevity, and performance, that would be a recommendation for other people when they’re using data?

You’ve mentioned a few things as we’ve gone through this talk about why you selected HRV, for instance. And what would be your one biggest recommendation for using data effectively to improve health, longevity, or performance?

[Dr. Joon Yun]: Well, for now I like HRV because it’s affordable, and it’s also accessible from a technology perspective. And I think the access is growing throughout the world. I like the convenience factor. It’s more practical.

Most other biomarkers, I think the distribution isn’t as broad, and the effect is not at real time. And in terms of in lifestyle habits that, in a way that also match to improving someone’s health…. exercise is still my favorite. And there’s good data suggesting exercise improves the measures of HRV.

We also know that our improvement of HRV as well as exercise itself is also with the amelioration of the stages of aging. So, based on what is known today, I think that’s probably the most practical thing that a person can do to enhance their health.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great Joon, yeah. Exercise is very important. Thank you so much for your time today. I really appreciate it, I know you’re a very busy man. We’ll put together some information on the project, some of those references, in the show notes so everyone can get access to that. Is there anything else that you’d like to share about the project that we haven’t covered already?

[Dr. Joon Yun]: No, that’s great Damien. I appreciate your time, and thank you for having me on your show.

Leave a Reply

Today our bodies, particularly our bones, are burdened with one to two thousands times the level of lead that our ancestors carried. As recently as seven hundred years ago (prior to the industrialized age) human skeletal remains contained very low levels of lead. Once the earth’s crust was disturbed through mining, much higher levels of lead were released into our food and air.

In a previous episode, Episode 13, we looked at the burden imposed by the heavy metal mercury on the body. Today we will discuss Heavy Metals Part II: Lowering Your Lead Burden. Problems associated with a heavy lead burden in adults include cancer and heart related problems, while children are more vulnerable to brain-related damage.

In this episode we address a different issue of the multi-faceted detoxification theme. Overall, by using the detoxification process to lower our toxic burdens, we can increase our performance. Future episodes will address other metals and chemicals that can affect us.

We now can relate to its adverse effects on every tissue in our body, we know that it’s causing stress on the heart, stress on the kidney. And across the board, there is no tissue in your body that is exempt from the adverse effects of lead.

– Dr. Garry Gordon

Today’s expert has over 55 years of experience as a practicing physician, and possesses an infectious energy and vitality that sets him apart. He is an internationally recognized expert on chelation therapy. Dr. Garry Gordon has received both a DO degree and a honorary MD degree. He was the Medical Director of Mineral Lab, is Co-Founder of the American College for Advancement in Medicine (ACAM) and Board Member of International Oxidative Medicine Association (IOMA).

The show notes, biomarkers, and links to the apps, devices and labs and everything else mentioned are below. Enjoy the show and let me know what you think in the comments!

itunes quantified body

Show Notes

  • The body may be fooled into mistaking lead for zinc. Zinc supports key metabolic steps, while lead does not (3:15).
  • All tissues in the body are susceptible to lead (5:40).
  • Lead’s toxic properties play a role in: increased free radical damage; preventing the body’s ability to use oxygen; chronic fatigue; depression; and impaired judgement (7:09).
  • In published data, higher levels of lead found in the bone are related to an increased rate of heart attacks. (11:00).
  • Genetics play a role in one’s capacity to clear heavy metals. Diet also has a tremendous influence on the ability to clear heavy metals (12:20).
  • Bones take 15 years to remodel. As bones remodel, lead contained in the bone is released into the blood. If chelations are being given, then the lead levels being treated are low because lead is being chelated out. Dr. Garry Gordon, however, cautions that the problem is not solved, despite the apparent low level of lead (18:29).
  • Discussion of EDTA begins (20:20).
  • Dr. Garry Gordon wishes people would look at EDTA as being no different than taking Vitamin C (21:37).
  • In over 30 years, Dr. Garry Gordon has not gone a day without oral chelation (22:02).
  • EDTA is an anti-oxidant able, perhaps, to prevent cross-linkages related to free radicals (22:43).
  • The Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT) was based on Dr. Garry Gordon’s protocols. He states these protocols have been followed safely by over 10 million people (24:50).
  • Benefits discovered looking at TACT data included: 51% reduction in death among diabetics; lowered hypertension; and improved blood flow (25:20).
  • Dr. Garry Gordon strives to teach people about oxidative therapies as there is a current over-emphasis in anti-oxidants; he believes more of a balance is needed (29:42).
  • ASEA water is not illegal or considered doping by the Olympic Committee. Dr. Garry Gordon points out that the Committee had to meet because so many athletes were consuming it and beating their own records (31:05).
  • Safe redox signaling molecules enable the body to turn on SOD and catalase (33:40).
  • The human population is loaded with polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) (38:19).
  • Dr. Garry Gordon discusses his FIGHT for health principle: Food and positive focus, Infection, Genetics, Heavy metals and hormones, Toxins (45:10).
  • Through ozone, vitamin C, silver, and other methods, Dr. Garry Gordon believes he can reduce the inflammation associated with common infections, such as CMV, to a “dull roar” (46:50).
  • Discussion of the reactive protein hs-CRP and inflammation (50:30).
  • Everyone needs both an anti-oxidant and oxidant.For instance, Dr. Garry Gordon discusses using a very strong stable reductant (Zeolite Enhanced) and following with a stable oxidant (ASEA water) (52:55).
  • Dr. Garry Gordon routinely tracks biomarkers to monitor and improve his health, longevity and performance. He says that, at one point or another, he has tried them all in the process of formalizing the entire anti-aging process. Dr. Garry Gordon believes the cost of biomarker tests and the use of better biomarkers will change very quickly and soon.
  • Dr. Garry Gordon’s biggest recommendation is to exercise: “it’s the poor man’s oxidative therapy”.

Damien’s Heavy Metal Testing

  • In 2014, using DSMA in a Doctor’s Data’s post-provocation urine test, results indicated Damien was high in lead, arsenic, and thallium. Damien’s post-provocation urine results (10/12/14)
  • Damien attributes high arsenic levels from consumption of chicken and rice while living in China and Asia.
  • Damien attributes high thallium levels from contaminated food consumed while living in Chengdu, West China, where high thallium has been documented in pollution.
  • The Quicksilver Scientific’s Mercury Speciation test was also performed. This test demonstrates the body’s natural excretion abilities for Mercury. Damien’s results (50% to 75%) were higher then normal levels. The test also indicated his ability to detoxify mercury was slightly depressed. Damien’s Mercury results (01/31/15). For a complete discussion of this Mercury test see Episode 13 with Chris Shade of Quicksilver.
  • To detoxify and for detoxification support Damien uses: PectaClear, Quicksilver Scientific’s IMD intestinal cleanse, Clear Way Cofactors, alpha lipoic acid, SE-methyl L-selenocysteine, and an FDA regulated drug, Radiogardase.
  • Damien will retest once every six months to confirm effectiveness of chelators.

Dr. Garry Gordon

  • The Gordon Research Institute: Dr. Garry Gordon’s main website.
  • Doctor’s Data: Dr. Garry Gordon was a co-developer of Mineral Lab, a laboratory for trace mineral analysis, and eventually bought by Doctor’s Data.
  • American College for Advancement in Medicine: Originally to teach chelation, Dr. Garry Gordon co-founded the American College for Advancement in Medicine (ACAM).
  • Detox with Oral Chelation: Co-authored by Dr. Garry Gordon detailing EDTA chelation therapy.
  • 507 published papers: A list of 507 published references compiled by Dr. Garry Gordon on EDTA and lead levels.
  • Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT): The NIH study for which Dr. Garry Gordon wrote the test protocol. In this study, chelation with EDTA was compared to a placebo in patients who had experienced a myocardial infarction. There were certain high-risk cohorts (such as patients with diabetes mellitus) where the evidence for the use of clinical EDTA was substantiated.

Tools & Tactics

Supplements

  • Alpha Lipoic Acid: A chelator taken by Damien.
  • Asea: a non-toxic way to increase glutathione production. Glutathione is able to deal with the heavy metals. Dr. Garry Gordon would use this very stable oxidant, following using a reductant.
  • Clear Way Cofactors: Damien uses this to provide detoxification support. This product contains Selenomethionine.
  • EDTA: EDTA: stands for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. This molecule is a synthetic man-made amino acid that is a non-specific chelator with a high affinity to lead.
  • Garlic: A natural chelator.
  • IMD – Intestinal Cleanse: Damien uses this to specifically target mercury for detoxification.
  • Modified Citrus Pectin: Made from modified citrus pectin with alginate, this target specific chelator is used by Damien. This chelator avoids creating mineral deficiencies by not interfering with other non-targeted minerals (e.g. calcium, zinc, or copper).
  • Radiogardase: Regulated by the FDA, is used to target radioactive cesium and thallium with prussian blue.
  • SE methyl L selenocysteine: A selenium form able to bind well to mercury and offer a protective effect.
  • Zeolite Enhanced: Dr. Garry Gordon would use this very strong stable reductant and follow with a stable oxidant.

Therapies

  • Far Infrared Sauna: A type of sauna that uses light to create heat. Different from a traditional sauna, which uses heat to warm the air, which then warms the body. An infrared sauna heats the body directly without warming the surrounding air. Infrared saunas still result in the sweating and elevated heart rate associated with traditional saunas; however, an infrared sauna is able to produce these effects at lower temperatures.
  • Pulsed Electro Magnetic Field: Works by restoring the body’s natural electro-magnetic energy resulting in boosted cell metabolism, regeneration of blood cells, and improvement of circulation and oxygen carrying capacity.

Tracking

Biomarkers

  • Blood Lead: Measured in micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood (μg/dL). Blood lead has a half-life of 30 days, thus is typically used to asses more acute lead exposures.
  • Bone Lead: Measured in parts per million (ppm). The amount of lead in the bone is an established biomarker for cumulative lead exposures and has been correlated with adverse health effects on various body systems.
  • hs-CRP (high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein): A marker of inflammation. In this episode, Dr. Garry Gordon notes hs-CRP may or may not be a sensitive enough marker of inflammation as it depends on the location and type of inflammation. Damien typically has a very low number, despite high inflammation in other areas. C-reactive protein is discussed previously in, Episode 7, for tracking cardiovascular risk.
  • Oxidative Reduction Potential (ORP): A negative value indicates a reductant, while a positive value indicates an oxidant. Currently ORP is able to be measured by meters available online. Ideally, Dr. Garry Gordon would like to find a meter that can be placed in the urine to measure the level of oxidants.
  • Urine Lead: Measure in micrograms of lead present in urine per gram of creatinine present (mcg/g). A comparison of these both before and after chelation therapy is used as a lead exposure indicator. Less than 2mcg/g is optimal.
  • Vitamin C: When the body has excess vitamin C, the body will urinate vitamin C out. In high doses vitamin C is a chelator, thus if vitamin C is being urinated out, vitamin C will be chelating heavy metals and other toxins along with it.

Terms

  • Catalase: Intracellular enzyme that coverts hydrogen peroxide into water.
  • Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE): Originally used in a wide variety of products as flame retardants. Now nearly all tested individuals have at least trace levels of this and other flame retardants in their bodies.
  • Redox signaling molecules: Molecules such as ozone and hydrogen peroxide.
  • SOD (superoxide dismutase): An antioxidant enzyme found within cells that converts a super oxide radical into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen.
  • Zeolites: Are both naturally occurring and synthetically produced. This aluminosilicate structure has large empty spaces within its structure able to attract positively-charged ions and is a chelator.

Lab Tests, Devices and Apps

  • 23andMe genetic testing: Mentioned in this episode. This test has also been mentioned in Episode 5, Episode 9, Episode 14, and Episode 16.
  • CA profile: A test used by Dr. Gordon to detect cancer years prior to the presentation of “lumps or bumps”. The Cancer Profile is a composite of 8 tests looking at detectable biochemical changes occurring within the body when undergoing a cancerous state transformation.
  • Coronary Calcium Scan (Heart scan): A noninvasive test mentioned by Dr. Garry Gordon, able to measure the amount of calcium present in the plaques deposits of artery walls. The amount of calcium in plaques can be used to calculate a score.
  • K-shell X-ray fluorescence (KXRF): This approach is very accurate and the standard way to access lead amounts in bone. This approach, however, has limited widespread use, and is only found in research labs.
  • Mercury Quicksilver Scientific: involves mercury speciation testing to separate methyl mercury from inorganic mercury, and measure each directly. Damien’s test results may be found under the show notes.
  • Mineral Hair Elements Test: Provides information regarding recent and ongoing exposure to potentially toxins. Dr Garry Gordon cautions this is not an indicator of lead present within the bone.
  • Urinary Toxic Metal Test: A test from Doctor’s Data looking at numerous metals present in the urine. To evaluate retention, the level of metals in urine comparing pre and post administration of a metal detoxification agent are used. Examples of agents are DMSA (meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid) and DMPS (2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonic acid). Dr. Garry Gordon mentions, this type of test serves to provoke mobilizable lead in the body. Damien’s test results may be found under the show notes.
  • VitaChek-C: A test mentioned by Dr. Garry Gordon to test the vitamin C levels in urine.

Other People, Books & Resources

People

  • Johan Bjorksten Ph.D.: World famous work on cross-linking as an underlying mechanism of aging. He has done work indicating that EDTA is able to reverse cross-linkages in tissue.
  • L. Ron Hubbard: The founder of the Church of Scientology, is credited by Dr. Garry Gordon for his initial protocols on infrared sauna therapies.
  • Barney Kolata: An employee in the smelting case, uncovered by Dr. Garry Gordon in Sacramento, who, despite doing the most work with molten lead, had one of the lowest levels of lead among the employees. Dr. Garry Gordon attributes this to Mr. Kolata’s Japanese diet.
  • Gervasio Lamas M.D.: Dr. Garry Gordon mentions Dr. Lamas is raising 30 to 40 million dollar to do another study (similar to the TACT). Dr. Lamas is the Chairman of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center.
  • Philip Landrigan M.D.: Head of the Department of Preventative Medicine at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. His research focuses on toxic chemicals in the environment and their effects on children’s health and development.
  • Christiane Northrup M.D.: Friend of Dr. Garry Gordon, and has studied the impact of pueraria mirifica in menopause.
  • Linus Pauling: A close friend of Dr. Garry Gordon and the reason he takes 12 to 16 grams of vitamin C.
  • David Perlmutter M.D.: Dr. Gordon discusses a youtube video of Dr. Perlmutter administering glutathione to a patient with Parkinson’s disease.
  • Robert Rowen M.D.: Along with Dr. Garry Gordon, brought International Oxidative Medicine Association (IOMA) to the world.
  • Garry Samuelson Ph.D.: Works to stabilize nanoparticle structures. He discovered that components, now in ASEA, are stable redox signaling complexes.
  • David Servan-Schreiber M.D./Ph.D.: Diagnosed with brain cancer at the age of 31, underwent chemotherapy and radiotherapy only to have it return. He then used his medical and scientific background to find a solution through diet.
  • James Watson: Co-discoverer of the double-helix.

Books

  • Biological Aging Measurements: Written 20 years ago by Dr. Garry Gordon’s good friend, Dr. Ward Dean, on how one can gain insight, through physical examination, into their individual rate of deterioration.

Other

  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Detectable through a simple blood test according to Dr. Garry Gordon, yet many doctors ignore active CMV and its contribution to inflammation.
  • Pueraria Mirifica: An herb found in Thailand that Dr. Garry Gordon, in conjugation with Chulalongkorn University, has shown to have positive indications in prevention of broken bones.
  • Toxic Hot Seat: The HBO documentary based on the Chicago Tribune’s investigation of fraudulent flame retardants.

Full Interview Transcript

Click Here to Read Transcript
[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Welcome to the Quantified Body, Dr. Gordon.

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: Thank you.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: It’s a real pleasure to have you here. I’ve been following your work for a long time indeed. Can we start off with, is lead a toxin, and if it is, why, and how does it damage us?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: Well the answer is, yes. If you look at the periodic table, lead is able to fool the body into thinking it is supplying good things, like zinc, and the net result is lead does not support the key metabolic steps that things like zinc do support.
With the end result that lead, even in extremely minute quantities, is absolutely a negative effect on our health, and we are all loaded with a minimum of one to two thousand times the level of lead in our bone, that was present just 700 year ago.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Wow. Have there been biopsies or things like studies that have quantified the amount of lead in tissues, or in bone?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: We have studies telling you every tissue, from the back of your eye to your toenails to your hair, there’s a part, everything has been tested, and the level is known. And it’s different from tissue to tissue, and of course it will be different in people who have impaired ability to push toxins out, or people who have increased exposure because of a life where they work with lead paint, or they’re a welder, or many other occupations that give people lead as part of their job.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. So you just described a mechanism for how lead is a toxin. You were describing how the body believes that lead is zinc, or one of the other metabolites, one of the other minerals that it uses in its functions and its cells. And when it does so, it’s putting it into enzymes, and different areas of the body, and those parts of our body stop functioning. Is that a correct way of looking at it?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: That’s a very clear and succinct way, yes.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Oh, great, great. Are there other ways in which it does that? So besides basically stopping at parts of our bodies from working which I think we can all understand that we don’t want parts of our body to stop working, or to start working in the wrong way does it create oxidative stress, or does it do anything else while it’s in the body?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: It has many mechanisms by which it is doing the poisoning of our ability to use oxygen. It increases free radical related damage. It’s a toxin on many levels.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thank you very much. So, what are the typical health conditions that you have linked through your work, or you’ve seen in your experience, that particular lead toxicity tends to lead to?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: Well, initially we always thought of it as it related to damaging nerve function, with neuropathy and numbness, tingling, impaired judgment, depression. But as time has gone on, we now can relate to its adverse effects on every tissue in our body, so that we know that it’s causing stress on the heart, stress on the kidney. And across the board, there is no tissue in your body that is exempt from the adverse effects of lead.
And it’s hard for people to understand that you, in your body, store lead primarily in bones. So therefore, if I do on you a blood test, a urine test, or a hair mineral test, and I come back and say, “Gee, it doesn’t look any worse than anybody else.” Because we all have some lead. You cannot find a human being that is free of lead.

But if I say you don’t look like you’re particularly lead poisoned, I am giving you very misleading advice. Because only Harvard has done these studies, because it takes a very special instrument to non-invasively, instead of doing calcium in your bones, which is bone density, instead to do lead density, using specialized equipment that I think we only have about six setters in the United States, who can do this test.

But, when they do it, they are able to confirm that what you see in the lead in the bone is not accurately reflected in urine, hair, or blood, with a net result that people are being erroneously mislead into thinking that lead toxicity is not one of the reasons for their chronic fatigue, their impaired judgment, their depression, their weakened heart. And across the board, it’s really sad that the average doctor still thinks that lead in the hair, or blood, or urine is enough of a test. And it’s not.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. So there you’re referring to, in functional medicine we often use the urinary metals test. So what we’re looking at, the metals that are coming out your urine. And sometimes then we’ll do the post chelation test.

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: Yes.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So using something like DMSA, or DMPS, and then taking urine sample to see that. So, do you see any purpose in that test? Do you think it’s relevant, in terms of just lead? If we’re talking about right now, is this something that you use with your patients? Is there any way that you approach quantifying? Is it with that test, or do you use something else?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: I was the co-developer of the laboratory called Mineral Lab, which we sold many years ago to Doctor’s Data, and I had offices in Europe and Asia and across America, from the east to the west coast. So, I loved tests, because without tests, the patient has no way of knowing what’s going on, nor does the doctor. My only problem is that there’s always a limitation into how accurate tests are.

So, a provoked urine test by chelation has served in a fantastic way to help millions of people, because a provoked specimen wakes you up to the mobilizable lead in the patient’s body. And that number will help motivate the patient and, when necessary, the patient’s employer, into doing the needed health care.

I’m looking now at a different dimension, since I will be 80 years of age very shortly. I’m looking more at the effect on longevity, and the subtle effects that are not readily appreciable unless you take the time to read the published data, which is published in journals like the Journal of the AMA, but that doesn’t mean anybody reads it.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, right. So, in terms of, I mean we’re very interested in longevity on the Quantified Body, so I’d be interested in your own, I don’t know if you do this, if you do your own post chelation urine, is yours very low levels of lead, for example? Or do you still have some of that? And I understand that, obviously, you’re looking at body reserves as well, when you’re talking about in the bone, for instance, for your longevity.

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: So, an answer to that, first of all on my own tests, because I was born sick. I just happened to have reviewed my medical records from many years ago from the Mayo Clinic, because I have spent many years being extremely ill. And so, in medical school, I, because I could not go up a flight of steps without going into early heart failure, in my earlier training in school I was forbidden from being in active sports because my heart was quite obviously not up to any and significant activity.

So my level of lead, mercury, and cadmium has been a life-time challenge, because I understand that it takes 15 years for bones to remodel. And therefore, I tell everybody that since you can do the data, before the industrialized age, which roughly starts 700 years ago, the level of lead widely published in skeletal remains is extremely low, until we start doing the mining and disturbing the earth’s crust. And that’s when we bring the lead into our food and air.

Now, in terms of what’s optimal treatment for a patient, if you look at the published data that shows that, right out of Harvard, that the level of lead in your bone accurately predicts when you’ll go blind with your cataracts. And that the higher the level of lead in your bone leads to six times increased heart attack rate.

So, the problem is, we can’t suddenly have a large number of these expensive instruments available, and it wouldn’t change things very much, because there aren’t any people that aren’t born with lead, mercury, etc. because it’s widely documented that your body, as a baby, is rapidly growing, and, in a sense, serves as a waste basket for the mother’s body. So it’s now widely known.

If you look at the 10 American Study, where they took 10 Americans at random and looked at DDT, and PCB, and dioxane, polybrominated diphenyl ethers. When you look at published data, in general you can be certain that whatever level you found of a heavy metal in the mother will be at least twice that in the child. And so therefore, it becomes interesting to know what was the mother’s occupation?

And when we realize how much lead paint we were using at one point, the causes of where we get all these heavy metals are sometimes obscure. And in addition to that you have quite different capabilities on a genetic level for some people to clear the heavy metals they may be born with, or work with, much more effectively. Their diet, of course, has tremendous influence.

I, as a researcher in the field of heavy metals, I’ve uncovered many amazing stories with patients whose life has been virtually wasted because nobody ever thought to look for heavy metals.

And I can take an example of a young girl, about 15 years of age that happened to be in a study that I was doing on behalf of the University in Canada. They wanted to determine to what extent Shell Oil was poisoning people downwind when they were taking the sour gas and turning it into sweet gas with tremendous levels of the toxic metals being released into the air.

As a result of our laboratory being given the contract to do that study, this young lady had a cadmium level in her hair that was off the scale. She was not my patient, but it became my ethical obligation to chase her down. She turned out to be in McGill, and they were about ready to treat her for some rare form of malignancy that they couldn’t identify, and they were sure they were going to start chemo. And I told them if they start chemo she would be dead instantly, and that her death would be on their head. And so they backed off.
And I was able to, in her case, find the buried nickel-cadmium batteries that some bad people had deposited near the water intake to the facility that she was living in. And I have stories, like a whole household of people poisoned with mercury because the grandmother was storing mercury in an open container in the kitchen where all the kitchen towels were.

But the stories go on, and on.

We find what you look for, and since my interest at age 80 is how long should we be physically still active and healthy, and I really like the idea that that should be 100 years. And I would therefore like to help people understand that since you cannot suck all the lead out of your bone, the bone is going to take 15 years to remodel.

And so during that 15 years as your bones are remodeling, should you be lucky enough to meet a doctor who tells you that oral chelation works extremely well. I have published the book, and it’s in all the bookstores, Detox with Oral Chelation. And yet, doctors hardly tell people about it.

Just a high dose of vitamin C alone is a chelator. And if you’re taking 4, 8, or 10, or 12 grams, Linus Pauling was my close friend, so I liked 12 to 16 grams. But whatever you’re taking, if you’re urinating C out in good quantities in your urine, which is a 20 cent test on a piece of paper called VitaChek, if you’re urinating a lot of C out, that C will be chelating heavy metals and other toxins with it. So my obligation, if I’m going to help mankind enjoy a higher level of health when we get older, is to make us aware that this is a ubiquitous problem.

And obviously in some people it is the main problem. The man comes to me, he’s been welding for 30, 40 years, and his lead levels are off the scale. Those are pretty open and shut, but it’s really amazing how in one case I uncovered a smelting function in Sacramento.

They had about 30 or 40 employees, many had been in the hospital repeatedly, many times, at Kaiser and other hospitals in Sacramento. And they would be sick for two, three weeks. They’d be treated and sent home. No one ever made the diagnosis.
And when I did, by coincidence, my nurse, her husband was one of those employees and I said, well bring his hair in. And then I got it, and it was off the scale. I did a few other people, but what was interesting is that Barney Kolata, who was the guy doing the most work with the molten lead, was Japanese, and he never gave up his early Japanese diet. And he had one of the lowest levels of lead out of the entire employees. Whereas one of the secretaries working at the computer in the distant office living on sugar and Sweet’N Lows and coffee had one of the highest levels.

So it’s really interesting the influence of diet and genetics on how well you handle these heavy metals. But it’s an important part of, I think, of anti-aging, or any kind of medicine, to make people aware that yes, it may be the main problem that you’ve come to me with.

And when we look at the amount of mercury in many people’s mouths, when you just open their mouth, it’s pretty clear that they have a toxic time bomb in their mouth. And yet at the same time, some people handle it better than other people. But across the board, no one is escaping without a negative effect on their body.

But we have to settle for the fact that all tests have their limitations, and it makes it easy because people have to spend their own money doing this detoxification. And therefore, they’re entitled to have the best data we can give them. How full was your tank when you came to me, and how effective was I at getting your tank empty of lead, or mercury, or something.

And what’s so sad about all of that is that, very simply put, we can show you that if I take that welder, and I have him get 100 chelations, and at the end of 100 IV chelations he’s excreting almost no lead. What is amazing is, I knew that I didn’t want to put him back to welding, and so he was with a big company so we put him in an air-conditioned office to do paper-shuffling.

But at the end of six months, I brought him back and did another provoked chelation test. And this time after receiving over 100 chelations and telling me how fantastically good he felt, he was a brand new man. But at the end of six months with that provoked specimen, it was 90% as bad as it was before I gave him 100 chelations.

And this is what’s so sad. I am having trouble getting people to understand that just because you’ve chelated somebody, and they feel fantastic and the lead levels being treated are low, you have not solved the problem.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So, this is because, as I understand it, as the bones remodel, the lead is coming out into the blood again, and then you see the visible levels and it comes out of the urine as it’s getting chelated again. So, as you were saying, it takes 15 years for that to happen so, basically as I understand it, you’re saying that we have to be chelating every day or like with IV once a week, or whatever the regime is constantly because it’s going to constantly be refilling your blood stream as time goes on.

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: Exactly. And the thing that we have to make clear is that I took the time to put 507 published references from doctors in industrial medicine, who work with lead workers, who had actually published the data that all EDTA will bring lead levels down, even if you’re working with lead daily, to safe levels for most workers. Again, my website, 507 published papers.

Oral works, and yet 99% of doctors tell patients that it will not work. And it’s misleading. If you tell people there’s something they can do orally, and if technically vitamin C and EDTA are almost the same price range.

So why make a big deal out of it if EDTA was shown by Johan Bjorksten, back in Madison, Wisconsin, where I am born and raised and he’s a world expert on cross-linkages. He showed that multicultural organisms, called rotifers, dipped in EDTA every day lived a minimum of 50% longer than any rotifers not so treated.

So the message is loud and clear. In my mind, no one today is achieving the health span they might have achieved because we are ignoring this obvious problem.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So, for listeners at home, what is EDTA, and what does it do?
[Dr. Garry Gordon]: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. I kind of make a joke out of it, because acetic acid is another way of saying vinegar, so I tell people I’m you’re handy dandy grocer. But the facts are that EDTA has been used by companies like Chick-fil-A to keep the coleslaw fresh. It’s part of our diet; they buy it by the railroad carload.
And so people are hearing that it’s a synthetic molecule. You could call it a synthetic man-made amino acid. Some people are going to run away from it, and that’s their prerogative. We can do good chelation with garlic, and vitamin C, and there are many natural chelators out there.

It’s only that EDTA happens to have a really high affinity and is so specific in lead it is not that specific with mercury but at the same time, it has these documented studies, because I have pulled every published paper that involved EDTA with a professional researcher for over 20 years, and I pulled over 7,000 papers. So I know a great deal about EDTA, and I really wish that we could have people look at is as being not any different than taking vitamin C.

Ascorbic acid, acetic acid, the point is that EDTA is doing things that can help forgive what we have done to our planet when, out of necessity, we started mining. And when we started mining, we put things in the air, and it winds up in our bodies. And it is not allowing us to live to, what I think, is my intended useful lifespan, which is why, for over 30 years I haven’t gone a day without oral chelation.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Wow. So, when you’re talking about EDTA, is this something you’re taking like twice a day? What kind of dose of EDTA are you taking daily, and can you explain what it’s actually doing? Is it binding specifically to lead, or is it binding to other things? And is there any safety concerns in terms of it binding to other things, say minerals that we do need?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: Thank you for a great question. Because I took on this obligation, I have researched that EDTA is a non-specific chelator. It’s not going to deal with just lead. When it is bored and there’s not much lead around to work with, it will grab mercury too.

And across the board, when we look at what it is doing in the body, it seems to be a wonderful anti-oxidant. So it seems to prevent cross-linkages that may be free radical related. And on children, babies particularly, I love putting EDTA into the bathtub.

We’ve had some people like to put it in rectal suppositories, which I have nothing against other than I want that to be done on a factual basis. I see nothing to support that it’s better absorbed at the rectum than it is at the mouth. And if you’re going to be doing it every day for 15 years, I think it gets tiresome to put it in the rectum every day.

But bottom line, we can use zeolite as a chelator. We use vitamin C. There are many things that we use. But EDTA, because there’s so many published papers about it, and it’s what we wound up using in the study, which was called the Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy, where we did spend 31 million dollars of NIH funds.

And it’s really important to understand that most people who read NJAMA, the TACT trial, the Trial to Assess Chelation was supposed to put all the chelation doctors out of business for once and for all. And it was a pretty shocking thing when it came back that it was in fact safe, and effective. But, they have done everything they can to keep how safe it was from the general public.

And we have now taken the time to get the raw data, and find that in fact there’s a 51% reduction in death, in diabetics. And the data is so persuasive that we have had another visit. Gervasio Lamas, the head of the Miami Heart Institute, is taking on the burden of raising another 30 or 40 million to do another study, because the data is that substantial that even the FDA says if you do one more study, we will approve this as a treatment for diabetics.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Wow. This study was specifically done on EDTA, or is it on other chelators?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: That was, and let’s make it very clear. The Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy was based on the protocol that I wrote. It was I, Garry Gordon that took it on myself to write the protocol that over 10 million people have followed safely without a single reported fatality ever, using my protocol.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And, besides the diabetes benefit you just remarked, were there other benefits that were discovered?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: Every possible benefit from lowering hypertension to getting feet warmer, to stopping intermittent claudication to improving blood flow to the brain, memory. I mean, anything that’s tied to blood flow, because think of it, the cheapest test you might do would be a calicium measurement of the patient’s coronary arteries.

And if we can just realize that age 60 we have 140 times more calcium in our vascular tissues than we did at age 20. And so we gradually turn to stone, so there’s good reason to tie the entire aging process. In fact, I tell people that as an anti-aging doctor, I focus first on a simple motto. I want you to have strong bones and soft arteries when you’re 80.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That makes a lot of sense. And you certainly sound very energetic. You say you’re 80 years old right now. Are you 80 years old?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: Not until January 3rd. I have another two weeks reprieve there.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay, that’s pretty much the same thing. I would just like to ask you, personally, how do you feel these days, how active are you? You mentioned that at one time it was difficult to walk up stairs. How does that compare to the situation today?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: Well, I just yesterday was jogging on the golf course with my two dogs at 5:30 at night, trying to find out how can I tell the rest of the world how great it is at age 80 to be healthier than I have been in my entire life. And so just coincidentally I was looking for some papers today, and there it was, my old medical files. And there fell out because I’ve had so much heart problems, so much bone, I have had advanced osteopenia. The list of problems I had is so long, that I got bored reading my medical history.
But, the point is, that I was a basket case, and it was interesting that I would up seeing all these doctors at Mayo Clinic. Which, it’s always good to see the best mainstream doctors you can, because although they didn’t help me one iota, it at least documents where you were. And it’s really interesting because I really wound up seeing them because of a minor accident. Riding my horse I got bucked off, got a fracture of the ankle. Turns out, I had osteopenia.

And I have very advanced, an underdeveloped testicle, and other problems. I have a lot of health issues. But it was amazing that age 80, I feel today better than I have in my lifetime. I just want to share with others that it’s more important in my mind because I still drive the same car after 10 or 11 years I’d rather drive the same car and spend whatever I save on my body.

Because it’s not free to take care of yourself. I spend a lot of money taking care of me. And a lot of people would rather think that it’s nonsense. And so all that’s going to change as the tests for how old we are become much more widely available and increasing sensitive. We’ve been dealing with rather insensitive monitors to tell you exactly how old you are.
But I can motivate people today to take care of themselves because many people are either worried about losing their memory, or dying of a heart attack, or dying of cancer. So it’s not that hard to go online and do some pretty good memory tests today.

It’s very easy today to do calcium scoring and other tests of your heart to know what’s going on. And in terms of cancer, I’ve been lucky enough to find a Caprofile.net that has been, fortunately, finding cancer three or four years before the lump or bumps, so I can motivate people to keep their tests in really a good safe range.

But the ideal test is going to come very soon. Because we are getting into the day and age that the price of tests continues to drop, and the number of potential tests you do on people continues to expand, and pretty well. I’m confident within two years we’ll have tests that will tell you, within a month of introducing a new modality into your diet change and exercise.

I’m now having fun teaching people about exercising while breathing oxygen. I mean, there’s many different things we can do. We now have people drinking a water product that has in it all, what we call, redox signaling molecules. That includes molecules like ozone, hydrogen peroxide, etc. And so, an amazing thing is going on with me.

I am today sitting remarkably sad that we all bought into the wrong theory and we thought anti-oxidants was the best way to help people. And now it turns out that I’m devoting much of my daily effort to teaching people the power of oxidative therapies.

And ozone, of course, is kind of expensive at the high end, but drinking ASEA water and taking things like silver that is catalyst to oxidation, and breathing oxygen while exercising would all obviously be oxidative. And if I happen to add some time in the far infrared sauna, you begin to get the feeling that I’m really teaching people today that although anti-oxidants have their definite place, we must have balance in what we teach.

So I’m really on a vendetta to change the over-emphasis today that everybody thinks the whole answer is anti-oxidants, because without oxidation you will not get the signal for your intracellular switch to turn on the production of glutathione. Let’s make that simple.
ASEA water is available, proven safe the FDA says it’s totally non-toxic yet it increases intracellular glutathione production by 500%. Which is a cheap way of my helping people have something, because glutathione is another nice way to help deal with the heavy metals and other challenges that our body’s doing.

And it’s so documented that the Olympic Committee had to meet to decide that it’s not illegal doping, because this water so enhances oxygen utilization that athletes are beating their own record. But it’s all, totally legal.

It’s nothing but salt water that’s gone through a process so that what we call redox signaling molecules like ozone, which most people aren’t very familiar with. But they’re going to have to become familiar with, because it’s only with things like silver, and ozone, and using high dose C that I can deal with Ebola, and hepatitis C, and other threats that people are beginning to recognize.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Wow. Could you, that reference was Sea-o water?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: A-S-E-A. It’s really astonishing. I thought that this was nonsense, and I was a hard one to convert over, but when I finally met Garry Samuelson, who’s a medical nuclear physicist from BYU, and understood what he did with the salt water. Because I’ve been with Robert Rowen, he and I brought International Oxidative Medicine Association to the world.

After I formed ACAM some 40 years ago the American College for Advancement in Medicine to teach chelation. Now I’m teaching oxidative medicine, but we have this problem that people don’t know anything about ozone.

Yet, if you take anybody that’s got hep C or terminal cancer we’re getting dramatic results on these patients because we help the body overcome challenges by having available safe redox signaling molecules, like ozone, that cause the body to turn on amazing switches, so all of the sudden you’re making 500% more intracellular glutathione.

So, glutathione is [something] everybody appreciates. We’ve seen Dr. David Perlmutter if you go on the internet he has an advanced patient with Parkinson’s who’s been with a walker for six, seven years. He cannot say anything understandable and he can’t walk. He puts the glutathione in the patient’s vein, 10 minutes later he walks perfectly up and down without the walker, and he speaks perfectly clear. So glutathione is a pretty good thing.

So I’m just teaching people that we have it all wrong. That only when the body sees a safe signal, like a controlled stable ozone, or a stable peroxide, is the body able to say, oh, I think I better turn on my own intracellular production of things like SOD, catalase, and glutathione. So it’s pretty exciting.

With the field of medicine, I’m quite confident that we will be doing a lot of [in] my life adding things like pulse electromagnetic field, and the use of far infrared saunas. And the whole idea of breathing in oxygen while you’re exercising. I mean, I am having so much fun.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: I can hear that, I was just about to say it sounds like you’re having a lot of fun with all these new therapies.

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: If you told me 10 years ago that when I reached 80 I was going to be in the peak of my health, I would have said that you must really have been nuts.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So, you mentioned so many different things, I want to clarify a few things. First of all, you mentioned infrared sauna. And this is one modality people use to detoxify by sweating the toxins out through their skin. Is this the reason you’re using it for? Are you using it for a specific toxins? Why are you using infrared specifically?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: The answer to that is that your skin is a great, huge organ. Perhaps the largest organ, unless you want to argue the endothelium is slightly larger. The skin is the major way your body handles certain toxins.

We have documented that we’ve had people that were disabled by chemical exposures, to the point that their brain had been fried; they didn’t know their family’s name. They were on total lifetime disability. We brought them back totally, taking sometimes 8 to 10 hours a day for one, two, or three months of sweating in a far infrared sauna with them coming in and going out and using certain nutritional things.

I can do it far faster today when I had the rest of my knowledge about oxidative medicine. But the principle is there. The Attorney General state of Utah had so many officers that were poisoned when they raided angel dust operations and lost their memory were on permanent disability. So that he’s so happy because he doesn’t have to pay disability the rest of their lifetime because they’re back to full functioning.

But in one case, it took 90 days of supervised far infrared sauna and a total treatment program. I, of course, with a homeopathic background and nutritional background, with a pulse electromagnetic field and the other things I’m telling you about, could get that same result in certainly less than 30 days.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay, okay. So, will infrared sauna chelate, or, it’s not chelation, but detoxify across the board of toxins, or is it specific?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: Yes. The guy who really wrote the book about it is the founder of the Church of Scientology, L. Ron Hubbard. And so some people call it the Hubbard Tank therapy. And we used it after the 9/11 disaster. And we were able to get some of those workers that had not protected themselves, that were so filled with chemicals they were facing death.

We have a lot of experience with this, but I reluctantly give the knowledge to him. But since he was the founder of a sudo-religion, there’s a lot of people who have not thought to improve his initial protocol. But it was involving constant use of some niacins so your skin as always getting a lot of extra circulation, so you had more blood getting to the skin and other nutrient ideas.

And there’s a lot of refinements in this whole concept available today. I have 4,300 doctors I talk to daily in my forum on anti-aging and chelation therapy. And I’ve spelled out a lot more detail in that, which is free of charge to any health professional, and we’re in 68 countries.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, and I certainly want to put links to a lot of the things you’ve mentioned. Like, the chelation study you mentioned, your protocol, this email list, would be interesting to many people.

Now just to go through some of the other things you mentioned. I think going back, first of all, to the lead, and you mentioned that there’s only one way to establish if you have a high level of lead in your bones. Is that through some x-ray mechanism? I’m guessing this is only used in studies, and it’s not really available for the general population or patients.

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: That’s the unfortunate fact, it’s only available at research level, but, the papers are so solid. You just go to any computer and you put in bone, lead, and health. John Hopkins also has one of these devices.

And so there’s nothing to argue about. It is so clearly well established, and there is the simple fact. You have to understand that National Geographic first did the first issue on Chemicals Within Us. They said open and shut, the way the mother gets rid of lead is just have more babies. Because that’s where the lead is leaving her body and going into the babies.

And so, when we realized that the babies they’re talking about, when you go to Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Dr. Philip Landrigan, he’s the head of the department of pediatrics, he runs the research laboratory for measuring all the toxins in your blood. They charge, when you send him 20 tubes of blood, $4,900.

But he says, why keep sending me blood? No one has ever been able to pass the test. The human population is loaded with polybrominated diphenyl ether. That’s the flame retardant that HBO pointed out in this past year, was complete fraud. It actually makes the house burn faster, it does not protect.

But we’ve sprayed it on every mattress, on every pajama, and on every airplane seat cover. So every human is filled with PBDE. And there is an interesting correlate. Since we’ve been doing the PBDE, I got out of medical school only some 56 years ago, and at that time the average sperm count was 140 million. Today the average sperm count is around if you’re lucky 40 million.

We’ve lost 100 million sperm because everyone is walking around loaded with toxins. That’s one of the reasons we have so many fathers now have twins, because they can’t have babies the old fashioned way, they have to have a fertility specialist.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So, for the people listening at home, this is going to sound really frightening, all of this, if they haven’t come across the area of toxins before. So, in what ways could they quantify any of these?

What would you suggest for someone who’s maybe concerned with a few symptoms, maybe not serious symptoms, but a few symptoms here and there perhaps you could outline symptoms that should be more of concern? They should think more about these types of things? Lead and these other toxins. Or, the types of tests.

Would you recommend they go, for example, for the urine, the post urine chelation test to establish these kind of markers? Or how would you suggest that they kind of gather some evidence to convince themselves that this is something that they should be working on continuously, as you recommend. So like a daily chelation, or an approach to detoxifying.

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: I think the answer is this: everybody, if they get a really careful health history given to them we’re going to have more and more of these questionnaires available online. When people are honest and admit how many days they have trouble getting running, how often this isn’t working, their memory isn’t up, they have abnormal appetites.

If we look at everything from depression to fingers that have lost feeling, the list is very long, and the cheapest test, of course, was the mineral test on your hair. Because hair didn’t require a doctor, it could be sent to a laboratory. But some laboratories got in that weren’t really up to our speed. So I’m a proponent that they use a laboratory that other doctors use.

Doctor’s Data is the one that purchased Mineral Lab. When I had Mineral Lab we had offices, as I said, in Asia and Europe. So this has been my life’s passion. But any test.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So at the lowest cost end, you would recommend the hair metals test from Doctor’s Data?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: The hair test. And here’s the rest of the story. If the hair test shows no mercury, no cadmium, no lead, then that means, essentially, that you cannot get rid of them. Because you can’t be living in this planet without being loaded with these metals. So if there’s none in your hair at all, then it means that you have a block in your ability to get rid of them.

And that is really very common in autistic children. It’s so sad, because we have tremendous success in dealing with autistic children, but if the poor doctor doesn’t know that the hair test will not reveal the lead and mercury if there’s a blockage in the body’s ability to excrete heavy metals because hair is nothing other than excretion, just like urine is an excretion. And so if they don’t see it, then they think that they said, Oh, well it must be something else in the way you feed your child.

It’s got to be something else, because always, you cannot escape the heavy metals. And I repeat, if you’re the director of the most advanced toxicology lab available to doctors, at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Dr. Philip Landrigan, his question is, why would you keep sending me anybody’s blood specimen, because it’s not paid for by your insurance, it’s going to cost you $4,900 for us to do it.

And there’s never been anybody he’s ever tested that doesn’t come out with at least 160 chemicals that will induce cancer, or neurotoxin, or endocrine disruption when he measures them. And there is no safe levels, because when you have a little of the polybrominated diphenyl ether and a little DDT, and a little dioxane, all of this is on top of having the lead.

So nobody should think, oh well it’s just a small level. A small level is on top of a small level of something else, on top of a small level of something else. So if the goal is to realize that in our complex society today, I think that it’s terribly important to keep you as sharp as a tack after 65, because I think many people, their first job may not be their ultimate career that they’re meant to be on Earth to do, and many of us don’t know enough until we’re 65 to be a tremendous service to our fellow men.

So I’m a real proponent of course, I have a vested interest in this, as I’m 80. I’m a proponent of life extension.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That’s great. So one of the other topics you have spoken about during this is taking EDTA via oral chelation versus IV chelation. For many people, when, if they go to local doctors who are specialized in detoxification, often IV chelation is the method they’re probably first going to come across.

I think you recommend more strongly oral chelation with EDTA. Could you talk a little bit about that, and what your thinking is there?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: Well, it is a little complicated. As the founder of this chelation movement, I came up with a name, the American Academy of Medical Preventics, and I wrote the first protocol. And I told every doctor, you can tell me how you’re doing it, but I’m going to take input in. So I wrote the first protocol.

And when I was doing that, I was just thinking today because I had a 16 year old young lady in a hospital in Sacramento out of control, facing death, with juvenile diabetes. And her family had seen the dramatic things that I was doing with IV chelation. And we took her out of the hospital for a few hours each day for me to do IV chelation. And we completely saved her life, and her diabetes went under control.

But we’re not allowed to talk about things like that, because there’s not enough research. Although I just told you that I didn’t know that, some 40 years ago, that that was going to be that effective. Now that we have a 31 million dollar study, we have a lot more knowledge.
So, the sad thing is this. We don’t know until we test the question. Will chelation stop, in this case, the person’s schizophrenia? Will chelation stop this person’s depression? Will chelation stop this person’s cancer?

Obviously, it’s not that simple, because everything that I teach is built around my FIGHT for your health program, where the FIGHT, F-I-G-H-T. F stands for food and positive focus, I stands for infection, G for genetics, H for heavy metals and hormones, and T for toxins. So, with my FIGHT program, the more of the modalities I add to my program, the greater the chance that I’m going to have somebody very happily restored to full health that they’ve never enjoyed.

So most people can’t deal with that multifactorial. They want to assume that if I get all the lead out, that’s all I need to know. But unfortunately they now report that well over 5% of us have some kind of a lesion in our pituitary that is making our endocrine picture more complex.

And so the more you study medicine, the more you’ll find that you can become a super specialist at any aspects of the FIGHT program. You can do like Dr. Servan did as an MD after his brain cancer. He came back shortly after they gave him the chemo, surgery, and radiation that didn’t do him any good. He decided to become knowledgeable about which foods will help cancer not come back. And he was able to make it stay away for 10 years.

So some people do all their thinking about food, but they never ever realize that Harvard publishes the paper that proves that 96% of people, with a simple blood test, actively have cytomegalovirus in your body right now. And all doctors say, gee we think inflammation is bad for you. But not one doctor out of 50 is aware that they, and their patients, are walking around with active CMV.

Why am I making a big deal? Well, because we don’t have a drug for it, the doctor chooses to ignore it. Whereas I live in the world of ozone, and silver, and high dose vitamin C, and other tricks for infection. So I can bring that infection down to a dull roar so that the inflammation is lowered, so that nobody is aging as rapidly in their disease.

So, the more you look, the more you find. And now that we have the ability to do with 23andMe you can do a genetic test for less than 200 dollars. And you can now find out that yes, our genetic pool has changed because some of these toxins have changed the way our body handles methylation. So now you can see the big word epigenetic, which means above genetic.
So, as you get into the medicine that I study, it is fascinating to realize how many doctors go through life and all they learn is hormones. They never learn the heavy metals. They’ve never tested for toxins.

If you told them PBDE is in every one of your patients at astronomical levels, they would ask you, what is PBDE? Polybrominated diphenyl ether is the flame retardant that is in every human being, every mammal, from the Antarctic to the Arctic, in frighteningly high levels.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So it really comes across that you see today health is a multifactorial battle. Basically a battle ground on many levels, where it’s us versus infections, heavy metals, toxins. And it’s through a protocol like yours, which tries to address each of those, which we’re going to be able to protect our health, improve it, resolve chronic conditions, and promote longevity. Is that a good summation?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: That’s an extremely good summation, yes. Bottom line, everything is multifactorial and if you just attack any one of my FIGHT issues, you’re going to help every patient. But that doesn’t mean you’ve done all you could do, because some of us need to go from the infection control on over to the hormone support.

We have an ability now to stop menopause in all women safely, with the pueraria mirifica plant that grows in Northern Thailand. We have 14 years of research. And a dear friend of my, Christiane Northrup who wrote the book Women’s Wisdom, Women’s Body, is coming out with a new book in February.

And I have been working diligently with the Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, and we actually have proof that you will not get broken bones if you take this herb. You will never see dementia in your patient if you give them this herb.

And the reason Dr. Christiane Northrup, who’s head of OBGYN at University of Vermont, the reason she’s so enthusiastic is because during her OBGYN she looks at the vaginal tissues on 74 and 80 year old women, and find they become 15 years younger in less than six months.

So we have so much exciting good things to do for people. That’s why I wanted to get the basics out of the way, and have everybody realize that we are in for some exciting times, where you’re going to live longer and be more productive than you ever dreamed possible. But its part of my job is to start with the basics. And today we’ve really focused more on the kindergarten and first grade level.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: We’re screwed, we have to get in somewhere. So, you’ve spoken a little bit about inflammation there. I’m wondering if there are any markers you look at? There’s the HS-CRP, that’s the reactive protein that people often look at. But do you look at that?

Because for some people like me, mine is very low but I know I in fact have every high inflammation in other areas. So I don’t know how you look at the whole inflammation area, and if you look at that as a kind of marker of general health, or how progress is being made.

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: It is extremely useful. It is only one of many markers. My friend Dr Vishdani is an MDPHD in molecular medicine, and we have at least 10 other tests that often will show inflammation that’s not reveled with C-reactive. So C-reactive is never a waste of time, but if it comes back and it doesn’t look like a big problem, it may have missed a lot of other forms of inflammation that it’s not sensitive enough to reveal.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay, okay. So the other thing you have promoted, you feel very strongly about, is oxidative therapies here. On a previous episode we talked to Christine Burdette of Dunwoody Labs I don’t know if you know her, or of her work.
[Dr. Garry Gordon]: Yes, I have heard, yes indeed.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay, great. Well so she has a certain set of stress markers [51:21 – 51:59 inaudible due to theme song] markers across our body.

Is adding an oxidative therapy, like ozone therapy or some of the others you mentioned earlier, potentially going to push them over the edge? And so is there potentially a balance that has to be made between oxidative versus anti-oxidative?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: Great question. Well the bottom line is this. If you learn fungal bacteria and viral infections are epidemic in men, and only with my oxidative therapies will you keep them at a dull roar because nobody’s immune system is working as effectively as it could or would if you got the lead out. So let’s look at the big picture.

Everybody needs an anti-oxidant and an oxidant, and one doesn’t preclude the other. We have stabilized our ability to offer a product we call one Zeolite Enhanced. And in that product I have a -450 ORP, which means it is a stronger reductant than any anti-oxidant you could buy, but it is stable. And I can give it to you five minutes after I give you the oxidant, which is ASEA water, which is a +850, because it too is stabilized.

So we’re going into an exciting time when you could look at those two things, as we used to say oil and water won’t mix. Now, that turns out, we’re in a sophisticated age that these are merely ammunition, these are energies that your body needs, and they’re fuels. And so my biggest sad thing is that most people are going to take a long time to really get enough oxidative therapies.

I felt so fantastic yesterday because I was using my pulse electromagnetic field, and I was using my silver, and I was drinking a lot of ASEA water, and I was breathing the oxygen while I was exercising on a bicycle. I was doing everything oxidative. And everybody else would sit there and say, well you’ve embellished, you’ve gone too far. No, that was the best day of my life.

So, we have to kind of move it over to say oxidation is good, because we all have been using anti-oxidants, because we get them from many sources.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay, great. You mentioned ORP. What does that stand for?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: Oxidative Reduction Potential. And so the ORP meters that you can buy online for $110. The day will come that I hope to have it, we haven’t worked it out yet, but wouldn’t it be nice if one day I find that I can have a meter and everybody can measure their urine and find out, ooh, boy do I need an oxidant. I mean, I haven’t gotten there yet, but that’s where I’m hoping all this goes.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. So it’s about balance, it sounds like. And so there you were talking about taking two things one oxidative, one non-oxidative and getting that balance by combining Zeolite and the other one.

Then it also seems like you put a lot of emphasis on how you feel, and how people feel in general. Do you believe if someone feels good, or if they’re taking some kind of treatment, or they introduce something new into their life and they’re feeling better, do you think that’s always a good thing?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: I would say it’s just a pretty good guide, but I am, of course, in energy medicine, so I have used Voll, V-O-L-L, electroacupuncture diagnosis by Voll, and they have many companies that sell that kind of equipment. They have simplified it, they call it Zito, and they have different tests.

But bottom line, I have changed lives for 40 years because I knew how to read the energy in your kidney, and I could tell you instantly if the medicine you bought that you’re taking is going to kill you or not. When I first got into this, I didn’t believe that testing could work. I was very skeptical. But my friend was Harvard trained MD in San Francisco was helping my patient and brought the device.

So I finally went ahead and got the device. They brought a child to me that age 18 month was having at least three to four seizures per hour, and had been to UCLA, Stanford, and had been to UCSF. Seen every top pediatric neurologist; nobody could stop the seizures. I stopped the seizures 90% in the first visit.

How did I do that? I took a simple history. Having heard me today, I said to the mom, well you’ve seen all these super specialists, did anybody ask you where did you live when you were pregnant? And nobody ever asked her. She said I lived at home with my folks. I said well what do they do? They’re almond farmers.

I said go home and get the spray they use on the almonds. She bought the spray in, in just a small tiny container. I checked it energetically on the child’s nerve point. It immediately made the nerve point go crazy.

When I balanced it out by thinning it out to one to a million, which we do homeopathically, instantly, the brain was able to start. Just like you can take a person after they get stung by bee, you can give them a very weak bee sting and they find they aren’t sensitive. But I had a home run in the first visit.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Wow. That’s an incredible story. Well, Dr. Garry Gordon, thank you so much for all this information. It’s pretty overwhelming, I have to say. Because you’ve obviously had a long career, and you’ve added a lot of different practices over time.
I would love to hear a little bit about you, just in terms of how you manage. Since you are nearly 80 and have been doing this for a long time. Are there any biomarkers that you track on a routine basis to monitor health, or longevity, or performance?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: I have tried all of them, because I have tried to formulize the entire process of anti-aging. And so a good friend of mine wrote a book called Biological Aging Measurements 20 years ago, Ward Dean, and the game is going to change dramatically.

So I don’t want to burden your listeners because the costs of tests is dropping rapidly, and we’re getting better biomarkers. The ones we’ve been using have all been useful. But it’s going to change overnight. And so, I’m not going to go down so that they… It’s been a kind of expensive labor of love to do the tests we’ve been doing.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, right. And what do you think is going to change it? I mean, I know there’s new companies coming in with things like blood spot test. And is there anything specifically you see that’s going to change the future of testing, like are there specific companies coming to market? What do you see that’s going to change all of this so rapidly?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: One woman alone says she will be able to devise a machine that with one drop of blood will give you 1,000 tests. So, I’m pretty confident this lady is telling the truth. And then doctors won’t be able to look at 1,000 tests, but computers will weed through it, and help doctors see the pattern that is there.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thank you very much for that. Just one last question or you. What would be your one biggest recommendation for listeners? If they were to do one thing to improve their health, longevity, and performance, what would it be?

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: I have to go along with James Watson. He was the co-discoverer of the double helix. And he’s telling people, exercise. And of course exercise is the poor man’s oxidative therapy.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, I knew you were going to say that. That’s a great answer. Thank you very much. And, thank you so much for your time today.

[Dr. Garry Gordon]: My pleasure.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: I hope you enjoyed today’s interview. If you’re concerned about lead and other heavy metals, here’s my experience so far as an example. To make this a little bit more practical. You can download my latest heavy metal test from the show notes for today’s episode.

There are two reports. The first is that I did a six hour post-provocation urine test with Doctor’s Data in November of 2014. I used DMSA, dimercaptosuccinic acid, as the chelating provoker agent for that. Lead was one of the three metals to come up higher on my test.
My levels were at 4 micrograms per gram of creatine, with their reference range being to target less than two micrograms per gram of creatine. So, for the more visual of you guys, it’s in the yellow zone. There’s a red zone, a green zone. Do you kind of get the picture?
My other two metals in the yellow zone are arsenic and thallium. Now arsenic most likely came primarily from my high consumption of chicken and rice for many years while living in China and Asia in general.

The thallium, based on the studies I’ve read, it’s a bit more unusual. But it very likely came from food contamination I was exposed to while living in Chengdu, West China, where the pollution has been documented. So, specifically thallium problems have been documented there.

The second test I did was Quicksilver Scientific’s Mercury Speciation test, which requires whole blood, hair, and urine samples. We looked at that test in Episode 13 with Chris Shade, so you can go check that out, if you want more details on it. He’s the guy behind Quicksilver Scientific.

My mercury came back slightly elevated compared to the Quicksilver Average. So, I was between the 50% and 75 percentile. It also shows my natural excretion ability, so my body’s ability to detoxify from the mercury, was slightly depressed. It wasn’t a big deal. It wasn’t really bad, but it was just slightly more depressed than usual, so it’s something I can work on.

The test did come back pretty much as I expected though, as I’ve been working on mercury for a while. And so I didn’t expect it to be super high. As you heard in Episode 13, I’ve been doing biological dentistry and other things to lower my mercury levels.

The Quicksilver test provides a lot more detail than the Doctor’s Data test. A couple of other things I learned about these tests along the road is I’ve run the Doctor’s Data urine toxic metal tests while living in different places around the world over the years, as far off as Thailand. So it’s a test that is easily accessible if you’re outside the US. Which can’t be said for all tests; you know, some tests are really complicated to get done if you’re not in the US or maybe Canada.

Due to the blood, Quicksilver is a little more tricky, but most of the time you can just fine a phlebotomy service, or a local lab, that will help you with that part of it. And then you just ship it off to the States.

If you plan to do your own tests, avoid obvious heavy metal contamination the week or so before it so you don’t bias your results. You don’t want to think that you have more metals than you actually do because you’ve just taken in some. So, cutting out things like rice and chicken, for that period, because these generally have some level of arsenic contamination. And then of course, for mercury fish, in particular big fish like tuna and swordfish, which have high mercury levels.

So what have I been doing to lower these heavy metals? Well I’ve been working off and on on detoxifying these for about, just over two years now, with different chelators. Currently I’m taking modified citrus pectin with alginate, in a product called PectaClear. So this is the main chelator.

The reason I’m taking this one is because it doesn’t interfere with other minerals as much as some of the other chelators. So, the idea is that it provokes less detoxification symptoms because it’s a more specific binder, or chelator, to the target heavy metals; in this case, lead, for example. So it avoids creating mineral deficiencies by binding to, say, calcium, zinc or copper.

A comment I want to make on this particular product, PectaClear, and modified citrus pectin in general is that there aren’t a lot of studies on it. And the studies that have been done are mostly from the owner of the PectaClear products. There’s a little bit of conflict there.

However, the functional medicine physician I’m working with recommended this to minimize my symptoms. So I’m trying it out as an experiment. I have gone through some symptoms, such as fatigue and headaches in the past, so I wanted to avoid those.

I’m also using some of Chris Shades products, which we discussed in Episode 13. So I am using Quicksilver Scientific’s IMD intestinal cleanse, which binds specifically to mercury, and the Clear Way Cofactors. They provide detoxification support, basically. To help your natural detoxification system. That also includes his glutathione and vitamin C and alpha Lipioc acid supports, discussed with him in the episode.

I’m looking at this as long and slow process, and not pushing it aggressively to avoid the side effect as much as possible. So, personally, from my experience, if I push it harder and take in larger doses, I get fatigue and headaches, generally. So, I want to avoid those because I like being productive during the day.

Previously, I’ve done runs of EDTA, which is the chelator Dr. Garry Gordon was talking about today in today’s interview. For which there’s a lot of past research support its use, right. So that’s got a lot of studies behind it, if you want to go with the more standard option.

On an on-going basis over the last few years, I’ve also been taking standard alpha lipoic acid. Not the liposomal form from Chris Shade. And selenium in the form of SE-methyl L-selenocysteine. Selenium binds quite well to mercury, so that’s the reason for that. Alpha lipoic acid is a chelator, and selenium has a protective effect, because it binds to the mercury. In fact, selenium is an ingredient of Quicksilver’s Clear Way Cofactors I just mentioned, in the form of selenomethionine.

The forms of selenium do make a difference, so you kind of have to watch out for those. Make sure you’re taking the right ones; some of them can be a bit toxic, especially if you’re taking the higher doses. And you don’t want to take in too high a dose. 200 micrograms per day is the standard.

I’ve also done a run of Prussian Blue recently, which specifically chelates thallium, which is my bit usual metal which I’m carrying there. And the drug name for that, because it’s FDA regulated, is Radiogardase. And it’s often used for radioactive cesium, and radioactive thallium also. Just so that’s why it has that name.

That’s where I’m at. At this point, I’ll probably get retested once every six months to confirm that the chelators I’m using are effective, and everything is going smoothly, and steadily detoxifying myself.

I’d love to hear about your efforts to lower your burden, if you’ve been working on it also. Whether it be mercury, lead, or any of the others, arsenic and so on. Especially if you’ve tracked your progress, or you have some test results already. Let me know on the show comments, or just hit me up an email. I reply to everything.

Detoxification’s going to be something we come back to quite often, because it’s one of the ways we can increase our performance by lowering our burden of these toxins. Some of the ones we haven’t looked at all are like some other metals, but also there’s a wide variety of chemicals and other types of toxins like that, like pesticides and so on, that can affect us. So we’ll be looking at those in some future interviews that I’ve already pre-recorded, and are coming up soon.

Leave a Reply

According to a 2015 consumer wearables report, 1 in 10 Americans has a fitness tracker. Yet there have been various media reports questioning the accuracy of these devices. Today we talk about whether the accuracy of fitness trackers matters; upcoming research trends; and, the most important question, even if they are accurate, are fitness trackers serving their purpose? Are they getting us moving by holding us accountable?

With the help of our expert, Dr. Greg Welk, we discuss the complexities involved in making a device to quantify movement. We will also explore the findings of Dr. Welk’s 2014 paper from Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise that captured media attention by examining the accuracy of what are now earlier versions of eight mainstream monitors available on the market.

We live in a very challenging environment to be active today…monitors provide a way to keep people accountable…[People] have to build physical activity into their day; it doesn’t just happen. It has to be actively planned and prompted during the day.

– Dr. Greg Welk

Dr. Greg Welk is a Professor in the Department of Kinesiology at Iowa State University, where he oversees the Physical Activity and Health Promotion lab. With more than 50 peer-reviewed, data-based research publications to his credit, he is a national leader in developing and assessing the accuracy of physical activity measurements while promoting physical activity.

The show notes, biomarkers, and links to the apps, devices and labs and everything else mentioned are below. Enjoy the show and let me know what you think in the comments!

itunes quantified body

Show Notes

  • Expensive accelerometers, previously used for research, were introduced to the consumer market through development of the Wii (4:58).
  • University researchers have performed calibration measurements on consumer devices; the degree of accuracy they have found reflects the level of calibration research occurring at the consumer device companies (7:38).
  • The integration of several types of sensors enables better inferences of activity (9:46).
  • An overall error of 10% to 15% was found in the 2014 study of consumer devices; this is a reasonable level of error given that the goal of consumer monitors is behavioral change, not precision (12:39).
  • Companies must balance accuracy with fashion and functionality (15:32).
  • In the forthcoming study, device accuracy was measured while the subject engaged in twenty-minute time periods of sedentary activity (office work); locomotive activity (aerobic workout) and circuit training. Analyzed in this manner, monitors would overestimate activity for certain types of work and underestimate activity for other types of work, contrary to a previous study showing a reasonable overall error (17:09).
  • Consumer companies develop their own equations and algorithms and work to improve them, while researchers publish, share, and exchange calibrations used (19:21).
  • Currently in research there is a movement to use accelerometers that report in the same unit, g-forces. This unit allows inferences across monitors (20:15).
  • Different data storage and software processing capabilities are required between consumer and research devices (21:15).
  • There is a ongoing movement to use monitoring devices to integrate patient activity and other parameters into an electronic medical report for healthcare purposes (23:15).
  • In the coming years, minimizing inactive behavior, while promoting active behavior, will be a desirable combination for the market. Researchers are currently pursing ways to better monitor sedentary time (28:15).
  • Upcoming studies will be looking at the new Jawbone Up3 and FitBit Charge. Other studies will be looking to expand the health coaching model (36:09).
  • The biomarkers Dr. Greg Welk tracks on a routine basis to monitor and improve his health, longevity and performance is to minimize sedentary time. He previously tracked heart rate variability.
  • Dr. Greg Welk’s one biggest recommendation on using body data to improve your health, longevity and performance is to use devices as needed to hold oneself accountable for actively planning and prompting physical activity throughout the day.

Dr.Greg Welk & The Physical Activity Lab

The Tracking

Terms & Technology Used in Activity Trackers

  • Accelerometer: a device measuring body movements in terms of acceleration.
  • Altimeter: measures altitude.
  • Counts: a unit that lacked consistency across initial devices due to how devices were scaled or internally processed. Researchers would then take this unit and link it to an area of interest, for example a certain number of counts would equate to a number of calories.
  • G-force:: the force of gravity.
  • Gyroscope: a device used to measure orientation within 3D space.
  • Piezoelectric: an early accelerometer type, able to be scaled and calibrated, that converted a physical force into an electrical current and produced units referred to as counts.

Devices

The list of activity and fitness tracking devices discussed in this episode:

  • ActiGraph: Demonstrated a 12.6% error in the 2014 paper.
  • Amiigo: Mentioned by Damien, Dr. Welk did not have plans of it in future studies.
  • Apple Watch: Performance to be evaluated in upcoming spring study, with results projected for January 2016.
  • Basis B1 Band: Highest error on 2014 study (23.5%) and has been discontinued.
  • Body Media Fit : Top performer in the 2014 paper with a 9.3 % error.
  • Directlife: Demonstrated a 12.8% error in the 2014 paper.
  • Fit Bit Charge: Performance to be evaluated in upcoming studies.
  • Fit Bit Flex: Performance to be evaluated in upcoming studies.
  • Fit Bit One: Top second performer in the 2014 paper with 10.1% error.
  • Fit Bit Zip: Top third performer in the 2014 paper with 10.4% error.
  • JawBone Up: Demonstrated a 12.2% error in the 2014 paper.
  • Jawbone Up 24: Performance to be evaluated in upcoming studies.
  • Metria Patch: The wearable patch with monitoring technology of a device.
  • Nike Fuelband: Demonstrated a 13% error in the 2014 paper.

Biomarkers

  • Heart Rate: Dr. Welk previously used heart rate monitors to track intensity of workouts in high level training.
  • Heart Rate Variability (HRV): An athlete can track HRV as an indicator of whether the athlete’s body has fully recovered from previous workouts and whether the athlete’s body is ready for the next workout. Athletes can use HRV to identify symptoms of overtraining. Please check out other episodes and guests of The Quantified Body focusing on HRV: Episode 1: Andrew Flatt (resistance training), Episode 6: Ronda Collier (managing stress), and Episode 8: Todd Becker (hormesis and stress).
  • Calories: Devices may overestimate or underestimate the number of calories burned by ten to fifteen percent. On the level of individual assessment, the exact number of calories burned is less important; what is important is that using the device may cause the individual to make a behavioral change.
  • Steps: Individuals may use monitoring devices to track steps taken. As is the case with devices used to track calories, the use of devices measuring steps may cause positive behavioral changes.

Other

People

Full Interview Transcript

Transcript - Click Here to Read
[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Hi Gregory.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Hi.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Greg, thank you so much for being on the show.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Yup, my pleasure.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So, first of all, I wanted to dive into what the interest is in tracking exercise, or activity in general. What kind of benefits do you think this can have for us?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Well as researcher I’ve been using monitors for many years. We use them to study how active people are so we can quantify associations with health benefits, and evaluate whether interventions work to change behaviors.

So the recent movement to consumer monitors has been a really interesting development. So I think the research community is at least still tying to learn how best to use these devices, and whether they do work to change behavior or not.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, so it’s mostly about, is it going to change our behaviors, and thus provide benefits in terms of, say increased activity, or more focused activity, on things that are tending to work. Obviously, there’s still a lot of exercise science debates going out there. Like, is cardio better, is weight lifting better, resistance training better. There’s a lot of these kind of discussions still going on.

Maybe over time, if we’re tracking exercise on a larger level, and we have big data. Do you think it can help some of these questions?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Sure. I think the devices give consumers the power to monitor their own behavior. I guess the key is whether they pay attention to the cues, and tune into them. Because tracking data by itself won’t necessarily change behavior unless it becomes something that’s use in your daily life.

So what we would refer to the data as, would be helping people with self-monitoring. Learning to monitor their own behavior, and using that as cues to change their behavior. But when you talk about the broader level of the data being stored in the cloud, and being able to infer what people are doing and not doing, it opens up all kinds of new opportunities to understand human behaviors. So that’s very exciting as well.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. And so perhaps you could talk about, what were you doing before this exercise tracking market started developing? What kind of things were you doing in order to estimate and assess activity?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Well again, accelerometers have been around for 20 or 30 years for active research in the research community, so there’s been probably second or third or fourth generation monitors being used by researchers since the early 1990s, I’d say. Even a little bit, there were some preliminary models in the 1980s. So we’ve been using accelerometers for many years.

I guess the key that turned it into a consumer marketplace was when the Wii was developed, actually. Because when the Wii was released, the accelerometer that was used in the Wii device all of the sudden became in demand, and the price came down.

And that’s what allowed some of the monitors to develop a consumer versions that were more price competitive at sort of the price point. Because we were previously using very expensive accelerometers, and then the price dropped tremendously and allowed all the consumer development.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. For people at home, could you describe briefly how does an accelerometer work?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Right. Well there’s different technologies. Actually, many people aren’t aware, but Leonardo Da Vinci is credited with coming up with the early idea of a monitoring device, and Thomas Jefferson was one of the first developers of a mechanical pedometer, hundreds of years ago. So the concept of tracking steps has been around for many years.

The most early accelerometers use what’s called a piezoelectric bender moment. This type of device would allow a physical force to be converted into an electrical current, which could then be scaled and calibrated. So the way researchers use these initial devices, the devices all produce a unit that we called counts, an activity count.

And it’s a nebulous unit because a count depended on, it didn’t have a value to it, and it depended on how the device was scaled or internally processed. But researchers could take that device and then calibrate it by linking it to a certain number of calories, or oxygen consumption, to determine how many counts equates to how many calories, for example.

And now those calculations are built into most of these devices. Again, the early devices were piezoelectric, and there was some concerns about the reliability of the sensors, for example, in the early models. But then when they went to solid state devices, they became much more reliable. And now there’s the typical accelerometer that’s at least used in most research devices, it’s more of a men’s accelerometer that senses true gravitational forces, rather than bending moments.

And that opens the door for other type of sensors. So some of the accelerometers can tell, for example, by the direction of the moment whether you’re standing or sitting. So there’s interest in posture as well as movement.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So it sounds like there’s quite a wide variety of accelerometers that are available today, and some of them are still more expensive, and less expensive. So it sounds like it’s a technology in evolution. The ones you’re using in research currently are basically ahead of the game compared to the ones we have in consumer devices. Is that correct?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Well, somewhat. But actually the studies that we’ve done recently, we’ve compared some of the consumer monitors directly head-to-head with some of the established research monitors. And they’re in the ballpark. So the consumer monitors are not far behind. Which leads you to conclude that there is some calibration work going on behind the scenes at these companies.

So the various companies don’t really talk much about the research. I guess they figure the consumers don’t really care or want to know the details of how accurate it is, and that’s why researchers like myself study it. So we did compare some of the leading consumer monitors against standard research grade monitors.

And several were better than others, but in general it shows that some of the technologies are probably using pretty advanced calibration methods, or multiple sensors, to get the type of precision that they’re getting.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So when you say multiple sensors, is that so they have maybe more than one accelerometer inside the device, and they’re using algorithms to calibrate?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Right. In addition to a standard accelerometer, a lot of devices include a gyroscope, for example. That’s built into almost all of our cell phones. So, a lot of the way the field’s moving is that a lot of the technology that already exists in your cell phone can actually be an activity monitor. So instead of wearing something on your wrist, we’re actually wearing a very powerful sensing tool in our pockets.

The challenge is calibrating it to having people wear it in different body positions, and things like that. So a standard position, if it’s worn on the wrist, for example, gives you a better way to calibrate it, because everyone’s wearing it in the same spot. But the other sensors would be gyroscopes, or altimeters.

So the one limitation of accelerometers, for example, is that it can’t really tell if you’re walking up a hill , or carrying a backpack. They’re based on gait, for example. So the accelerometers get pretty good at detecting that locomotion is taking place. And then if you’re running, you’re moving faster, and there’s more counts, so your count rate goes up. And they can tell that that’s running.

And more advanced sensors are now using pattern recognition technologies that can determine what type of activity it is. The real challenge is you’re limited if you’re using just an accelerometer, because we know, again, it can’t detect if you’re carrying a backpack, or walking up a hill. So, including an altimeter or some of the devices, including heat sensors, or heart rate monitors. So the integration of several sensors allows you to make better inferences about what people are doing.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. So, let’s talk a little bit about some of the accuracies. Which devices did you actually look actually look at in your studies?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Well, that’s the challenge and some of the fun. The paper we had published even just this past year in Medicine and Science and Sports and Exercise compared a number of the leading consumer monitors, but by the time the paper goes live and is published, there’s already new monitors in use.

So, for example, FitBit is a very popular device, and in that original study we compared the FitBit One and the FitBit Zip, which were worn on the hip. Those were the early FitBit devices. And we also compared the BodyMedia Fit, which was an armband monitor, and a host of other monitors. The Groove, DirectLife, the Nike FuelBand. But then, by the time the paper is even out, the consumer models are already very dynamically changing.

So we actually just finished another study that’s submitted and in review now, that compared most of the recent wrist worn monitors. So the movement in the field was away from the waist worn monitors, which is where researchers have typically used them and where pedometers are worn, to the more wrist position, because people are used to wearing things on their wrist, and it’s more fashionable.

Our new study we used the FitBit Flex, which is the wrist worn monitor, and also the Jawbone Up24. And those two tend to be the leading performers, at least in our tests so far.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So it’s the Jawbone and the…?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: The FitBit worked out reasonably well. I’ve seen better results in almost all of our work with the BodyMedia Technology. BodyMedia was the original developer of the most powerful research grade monitor, and most of their technology and development went into the JawBone. So I don’t know if consumers are aware, but JawBone is a very powerful technology company, BodyMedia, that is behind a lot of the infrastructure and the pattern recognition work that they do.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, I mean, because it’s interesting, because some of these companies are now even if they were start-ups are getting bought out by some of the bigger companies. Because Intel bought the Basis watch?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Right.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Well, of course Intel’s a huge company.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Sure.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: I mean, you’ve got Apple moving in with the watch. Which I guess you haven’t had access to, with their watch.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: We’re actually just starting that. We have plans to do another study in the spring with the Apple watch. But it’s not going to be out for another couple months, or maybe January or so. For us, anyway.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. So in general, if you’re using a JawBone or the latest FitBit, you think it’s good enough for people to be using, and not be concerned with any accuracy differences between the reality the research grade ones you’re using?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Right. I’m pretty comfortable with the results. Actually, our paper showed an error of 10 to 15% for overall estimates, and I have a caveat to that to add, but that’s considered an individual level assessment. So if a person is wearing it and it says that you burned 200 calories, a 10% error would mean its 220, or 180.

So there’s a buffer around that point. But that’s a reasonable amount of error for a consumer level device. Especially when the goal is behavior change. So if you’re using it for research, then precision is more important. But if your real goal is to use it to monitor your activity and to prompt you to be more active, then I think the accuracy is pretty good.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah. And I guess the idea behind that, also, is if you’re just wearing something, it’s kind of relative. If I took 10,000 steps one day, and I take 8,000 the next day, is it safe to say that the monitor’s reporting the same kind of bias if it does have a bias and so…

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Right. That would be constant error, and you’re right. If you have more on one day than another, that would say that you’re more active. And that’s the real goal from a behavior change standpoint, is to have it cue your behavior and prompt you to be accountable to move.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. And I guess for the moment, that’s probably one of the best uses, in terms of, let’s say, because exercise science is still trying to define what’s, say the ideal movements and the things like this.

I don’t know if you’ve looked at the Amiigo. I don’t think it’s commercially available yet, but that was looking at trying to track more different aspects of the exercises. The movements, and so on.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: No I haven’t heard of that one. We keep pretty close on this. My students keep me tapped into all the latest and greatest out there, but we hadn’t heard of that one. But I think you’re right, that eventually the movement needs to be to integrate these sensors with other technologies, where they can provide more information.

So it’s not just the amount of movement that you’re getting, and how does that relate to your health, and does it change your behavior and change your health outcome.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. Right. I guess it’s going to be evolving for quite a while, until we get to any kind of ideas of what’s optimum. Because it’s probably going to be different for each person, as well, depending on where they’re coming from. It’s quite complex.

For the Basis watch which I used for about a year what I found, first of all, it didn’t really reflect very well changes like in the steps reporting, trail running, walking. Sometimes it would think I was doing one thing versus the other. So I think that was for sure something that needs ongoing work to… I don’t know how the Basis turned up in your work. Did you look at the Basis compared to the others?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Yeah, we did in our early study. And it didn’t perform too well, but we got contacted by the company after that, and they said, ‘Oh, I think we can do better than that.’ And they were surprised by the results, but we reported what we got. The Basis was one of the poorer performing monitors in our initial study, but they indicated it might have been that we had an earlier version than their latest, or something along those lines.

But you’re right, it’s a challenge for the companies to balance the need for accuracy with consumer forces. So right now, most of the emphasis in the development is on fashion, or size, and making them smaller. But accuracy is not a high priority among most of the companies. And that’s the balance that they’ll have to play, is how to keep the quality good and add new sensors, but without making them bulkier, or not as functional or fashionable anymore. So there’s this balance that they have to play.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, it seems like the people who are most concerned about accuracy are, potentially, some of the athletes, the people who have more going on, or quantified selfers. But for the mass market, it seems like they just kind of assume that it works. Kind of thing.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Yeah.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And that they don’t have to worry about it too much. I mean, it’s not something that they really question a lot. Because I guess it’s kind of beyond them. We’re talking about accelerometers, and the technologies are relatively advanced and complicated for just the average person to start trying to dig into.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Exactly. And so the consumer, like when our study came out, actually the media picked it up, and a lot of the media buzz was, ìThe monitor isn’t as accurate as you think.î And so, again, I pointed out that 10 to 15% error was decent in the paper, but when the media spun it then it became known that your monitor may not be as accurate as you think.

But I think the media and the general public, for example, don’t fully realize how difficult it is to quantify movement. So when we walk around, the accelerometers are basing most of the estimates only on this ability to detect gait: walking and running. If you’re standing, lifting weights, the monitor can’t tell what you’re doing. And if you’re walking up a hill, for example, it can’t note that and really capture the true energy cost. If you’re digging a ditch, with these monitors, you could be burning tons of calories, but you’re not moving in space. And so the monitor’s not picking up that detail.

And that’s the caveat I mentioned earlier, that I was going to get back to. Our recent study, we broke up the time periods and we looked at the accuracy of the devices for sedentary time, like typical office work. And then we looked at locomotor activity, like an aerobic workout on a treadmill. And then we looked at 20 minutes of circuit training.

So we had people for about an hour come in, and we had them first do 20 minutes of sitting around, standing around, just doing office work. 20 minutes on a treadmill, and then 20 minutes in a free weight circuit training environment. And then we looked at the accuracy for all three settings.

So, when I was pointing out earlier that the accuracy was 10 to 15% that was in a more controlled study, and also for an overall period. Like for a full hour. But then when you break out the accuracy for individual segments, the monitors were all over the place. So they overestimated for one activity and underestimated for another.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So I guess they’re mostly, are they standardized on jogging or walking primarily?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Pretty much, yeah. That’s where the JawBone BodyMedia Fit tended to be better performers, because they have other sensors that are detecting the patterns. Whereas the FitBit and the DirectLife and the Nike FuelBand had more variability in their estimates for each individual activity. So they have more error, even though the overall estimates looked comparable.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So what are they combining with the accelerometer in order to determine the type of activity so that they can run a different algorithm, I guess, on the count.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Right. A lot of the work actually looks at the patterns within, how the counts are accumulated. So if the counts are in a repeatable pattern, like in a rhythm of frequency, then we know it’s walking. If they see a chaotic pattern, then we can know it’s not walking, or running, and then other patterns can be detected. For example, the BodyMedia can detect a pattern in cycling that most other companies have not been able to do. And we’ve done studies that show it gets better at predicting the energy cost of cycling than other monitors.

So they use other sensors, again, these heat sensors, or just the pattern within the minute. And so even though the devices are producing an estimate of a single minute they’re actually sampling at 30 hertz or more to capture all this rich data.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And so, I guess an important thing to understand here is that they’re using proxies, right? They’re taking data which isn’t directly counting steps, calories, and then they’re using research is it standardized research, or is it their own personal estimates?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: For the most part, all the consumer devices are doing in on their own, and that’s what researchers are now starting to test. Again, when the original calibration work that came out that most of the people in our field use; we developed the calibrations, they get published, and they get used by other researchers. But the companies are on their own to kind of develop their own calibration equations, or pattern recognition algorithms. And then they work over time to improve them.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So there’s no activity going towards a standardization of any of this as yet? Whether it’s the hardware, or the software?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Not within the consumer market. In the research world, we’re sort of converging back around the use of raw G-forces, I’ll say. So the original accelerometers were producing an output that was called counts. Again, that was you couldn’t compare one count to another count, because they were scaled differently. But if all the accelerometers could report in the same unit, which is gravity, G-forces, then we can make inferences across monitors. And that’s becoming the unit that we should have been using all along, but it wasn’t possible before. But there’s sort of a move towards using raw data, and using raw G-Forces as the unit of comparison.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That sounds great. So, I guess, would you envision that consumer companies will eventually be doing this, or is this a very different cost? Has it got a very different cost structure as yet? Could you give us an idea of what the difference is? Is it 10x, or…

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: No, I’d say maybe 2x or less, in terms of the sophistication of a research monitor. It’s more the processing capabilities that they built in the data storage that differentiates a consumer monitor from a research one. So, what researchers want to know is we want to be able to see the raw data in minute by minute form, or second by second. And that requires a lot larger data storage, which then makes the device bigger.

And also we need better processing software. A lot of the consumer monitors export only data every hour, for example, because it doesn’t require as much storage in the unit and keeps the data piece smaller. So it’s a factor of what’s important. So a researcher needs different things than the consumer needs, and it’s kind of that trade off.

But I’d envision, again, the consumer monitors evolving more in the direction of combining multiple sensors, and linking, eventually, to other health related indicators. There’s a big movement now towards how they could be used by physicians, or behavior change applications. So I think the real key is going to be how these devices can interface with the health care system.

Right now they’re just kind of a fun thing that people are using. But the real question is whether health care providers will start using them, and whether insurance companies will start paying for it. Because getting people more active would go a long way to preventing chronic disease and reducing obesity in the population.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And for something like that, that’s going to encourage the device manufacturers to move, potentially, towards some standards like the one you were just talking about, which, when it comes to government and stuff, they want something more standardized. And we can’t have just all these monitors.

Just if all the medical doctors arenít going to be able to work with all of them, obviously, that’s not the way it works. And I can imagine there would be some kind of approval process eventually. I don’t know if you’ve seen anything going on like that. I know that Apple was apparently talking with the government, and some of the health bodies I don’t know if you were looking at that about some of the markers and some of the structure that they were putting behind the watch.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Yeah, I’ve seen a little bit, but probably not enough to comment. I think stymieing competition would go against what America’s about, and what the companies are about. And so all companies should have a chance to compete for that marketplace, and not force health care providers to use the same device.

But the key is whether the devices can be successfully integrated into an electronic medical record, for example. So I work with a couple of companies that have already been working on the medical interface. And there’s a patch the product’s called the Metria Patch and it’s basically a piece of, version of an accelerometer that a doctor could slap on a person’s arm, tell them to wear it for a week. And then they tear it off and mail it back in, or bring it back in.

And it has all the sophistication of the best available research device, but in a form that a physicianís group could use. And they’ve started working into how that data can be incorporated directly into an electronic medical record, where it can be acted on.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And that’s big enough to store the type of minute by minute data you were talking about?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Oh sure. Yeah, it is. Yeah. And it has the adhesive capabilities, so when you put it on, it becomes like a patch that sticks to your arm for a week at a time, or even a month at a time. You could swim with it, shower with it, and eventually when it’s taken off and they’ve even figured out the breathability, like how to make sure that if you’re wearing it, that it doesn’t affect your skin underneath. So there’s a lot of work in that particular interface.

But even with that device, I think the missing piece is the health coaching that goes along with it. So for it to ever get traction in the health care community, they need to know that they can see the data, and then use the data to inform behavior change. We’ve done a lot of work lately with health coaching applications of some of these monitors.

We have a virtual health coach, for example, that can see the participant’s data, and we can comment about whether they’ve been active that week, or whether we see patterns that they could act on to improve their physical activity or weight loss behaviors. And so we’ve got a number of studies in process with this kind of health coach model.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That sounds very interesting. How long before you think this kind of thing becomes more available to consumers? I know there’s some health patches already out. We’ve spoken with one provider, Ronda Collier, and she’s been working with the health patch for a heart rate monitor. So there are some of these starting to creep into the market.

But they’re still a bit cost prohibitive, based on the fact that it’s a usable one, consumable. So you have to buy one every week, or every month.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Right, but that at least gives a cost structure that a physician’s group can budget for. It’s more challenging to use like a physical device that gets lost, or that they have to buy and upgrade. It’s sort of like disposability is an advantage, in a lot of way, because it can be built into the fee structure.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That’s right, and it can be updated easily, rather than having to pay a higher price and have someone have to have that for one or two years before they can upgrade.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Right.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Especially at this time when the technology’s moving very fast. So do you foresee the technology changing rapidly for the next five years, or do you think it’s going to settle down soon?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Oh I think it’s just getting started in dynamic phases. I think all these are new and very exciting. We saw them all out at Christmas, I’m sure a lot of people got them in their Christmas presents this year. You saw them highly advertised at the Christmas sales and things.

I think the movement will be towards these smart watches, and the integration with your cell phone. And again, in a few years, the technology already exists in cell phones to do this, so the watch really becomes the cue, or the device, that prompts you about how active you are. Whether the accelerometer is in your watch or in your pocket doesn’t really matter, they’ll basically start interacting with other aspects of your life and provide prompts about your blood pressure, and your heart rate, and other features that can inform your health.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thank you very much. Do you have any practical tips for use, which could help to get better feedback, more accurate feedback, over time? For instance, a lot of these watches are, as you say, worn on the wrist. Does it make any difference which wrist you put it on?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: No, I don’t think that matters. The companies may tell you it’s best if worn on the left, because that’s where they calibrated it. The right or left doesn’t really matter, but I think the key, as you pointed out earlier, is that people should use them on a relative basis, as a reminder to be active. If they want to take a day off and remove the monitor, that’s okay. The world’s not going to end if they have a gap in their data, because the real goal is to be using it to cue your behaviors.

I, for example, don’t use one every day, or I use them when I feel the need to monitor, or things like that. Other people, however, really do benefit from the daily accountability, and want to have that as a daily reminder. So it’s kind of an individual preference there.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, one of the main things I was using it for was just judging how much I was walking, and how far, or how many steps. Just trying to keep that at a reasonable level, and increasing it. Actually, at the time I was suffering from chronic health issues, and it was difficult for me to walk.

So it was great for me to see the progress. Like, I made 10,000 steps today, that’s awesome.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Right.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Unfortunately, it didn’t take into account the hills which we’re talking about which was a huge factor in whether I made that 10,000 or if I went up this hill. So I’m sure that’s going to come relatively soon.

In terms of the next things you see happening in the market, which you’re kind of excited about, you talked about the patch. Is there anything else you see in the consumer market which you think will be coming soon? Or in the next five years?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: I think one of the convergences is going to be with the balance between not just promoting activity, but minimizing inactivity, or sedentary behavior. So the researcher community is really intrigued with the dual effects of both inactive lifestyle, and basically being more active and less inactive. That’s one of the things I’m personally much more interested in is minimizing my sedentary time. So I’m like a number of people that have a standing desk, and try to be on my feet more than I’m sitting. So I think the monitors that can start proving information about sedentary time and activity time, that’s going to be a desirable combination.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And position, as you said earlier. Because right now most of them don’t tell if you’re standing or sitting. And there’s a fair amount of research, as I understand it now, that sitting’s a really bad idea. For our backs and other aspects. Whereas, at least it sounds like you and I are trying to stand, and do the standing desk thing, more because of that, but it’s not getting tracked?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Right. But most devices don’t really have a good sense of how to track sedentary time. The research community is actively pursuing that, but we haven’t really seen good output from most of the consumer monitors on sedentary time yet. I mean, I think they’re working on it. So I think eventually there will be these separate indicators.

And even on the smart watch, the prototype for Apple, they have a really cool interface I don’t know if you’ve seen that, that shows these loops. There would be a circle, and when you meet the day’s activity goal, your circle would complete, or you would get a full circle. And if you also minimize the time you spend sitting, you would also get a full circle. And the way they track that is you can’t have any hours where youíre sedentary for more than an hour. So basically it forces you, every hour, to remember to stand up and move, which is a good cue.

And so they have built that into the planned smart watch. Again, I haven’t gotten to try one myself yet, but that’s what I’ve seen in the prototypes.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, and if you have alerts. We have calendar alerts on our IPhone, if we have alerts on our watches that say hey, you’ve been sitting for an hour, it’s time to get up. The Basis watch actually has it, so every day it would say I was sitting for too long a period. That’s one of the other things it used to say was I was asleep whenever I was watching TV, or something like that.

Which is difficult to assess, when you are asleep versus watching TV or something very low key.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: I think yeah, that’s a movement where the research community is actively interested in both the effects of promoting activity and minimizing sedentary time. I guess you brought up before that there’s not a consensus about the right type of activity, but I think among researchers and the public health community, we’re in agreement that more physical activity is better, but a moderate amount is sufficient for health. So if we can get the population to do 30 minutes of physical activity on most days of the week, that’s what we’re after. Unfortunately a large percentage still doesnít do that.

And then the addition of resistance training is a really important piece that isn’t really captured with these monitors, unfortunately. So that’s where we need people to be adding some resistance exercise to their routine, because that adds independent benefits also.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And the Amiigo I brought up, which is trying to do that. I’ve actually been watching for a year. I don’t think they’ve actually delivered any of the devices yet, it was an Indiegogo project. I could be wrong, I haven’t look at it for a while. But they’ve run into some manufacturing issues, and I’m not sure what the technology was there. But someone is trying to incorporate this resistance training aspect into it.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Yeah, I had seen a couple. And we were planning to incorporate them into that study I mentioned, about resistance training, but we couldn’t get them in time. I forgot the names of those, but they weren’t ready. So we just decided to go forward with the study with the monitors we had.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. So this is an ongoing work project, right? You’re going to be continuously looking at the new devices coming out, and tracking. Is this something that you’re going to continue working in your assessment center?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Oh, definitely. My students are very interested in that, so I have a whole fleet of grad students that help me do this work. They’re very interested in keeping up on the latest technologies. Our lab is called the Physical Activity Lab. So if you went to physicalactivitylab.org, we have, that’s where we post information on our past studies, and things like that.

But when we finished testing this one consumer study, we then completed another one in the fall that will be presented at a conference this spring. And that’s, again, in review now for publication, and we’re already planning another study this spring to compare the new smart watches, like you said, and also the new JawBone Up3, and the FitBit Charge. Those are the latest devices that, again, are released. Even before we can finish testing them, there’s new monitors that come out. So we’re very interested in testing the new JawBone Up3 that has a number of new features in it.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, that’s great to hear you’re going to be keeping up with it, so we can follow you and keep up-to-date on all of this. Because I haven’t seen anyone else covering this in so much detail.

I’d like to ask you a couple of personal questions about your use of data. In terms of biomarkers or personal data, do you track anything on a routine basis for yourself to either monitor or improve your health, longevity, or performance?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Yeah, I’m kind of a dabbler, probably, more than a regular user. So I dabble in them maybe because I’m more thinking about them from a research perspective. But as I think about it, the indicator that I’m probably most intrigued with is the sedentary time. So it operates in my mind all the time about how long I’m sitting, and trying to minimize sedentary time.

So, I’ve started becoming more interested in devices and assessments that can do that; either simple cell phone apps or logs that I can track my behavior with. So I used to do a lot with high level training and using heart rate monitors to track the intensity of my workouts and things like that, but I kind of know by now my own ranges, and if I’m working hard enough. So as an exercise physiologist, I kind of know what I need to know about my own training. But this whole sedentary world is a new frontier.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. Did you ever look at HRV? We’ve talked about this quite a bit on this show.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Yeah, early on I used to use a heart rate monitor and using HRV to track. It’s a good indicator of, over training, for example, if your body’s not rested from a previous night, a lot of athletes would use the advanced heart rate variability indicators to determine if their body’s fully rested and ready for the next workout. So at one point in my life I was very focused on triathlon training and did a lot of that monitoring. But recently it’s not been as high of a priority for me.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thank you. What would be your biggest recommendation or insight on how people could use data effectively? Because there’s more and more data coming about, and especially with these devices. How would you suggest that they use this data effectively to improve any aspect of their life?

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Good point, and I think that’s where the goal would be for using the device to help you change your behavior, and to use it to inform decisions, not just to collect data for the sake of collecting data. So, I think as the devices become more sophisticated they’ll provide actionable insights that give you prompt, that says last week you were active in the mornings, or you weren’t active in the mornings. And it would cue you to maybe be more active at different periods of the day.

So I think that’s where it’s got to get, where the devices are basically helping people to make changes. I mean, we live in a very challenging environment to be active today, with people using cars, and the busyness of our lifestyles. And so I think the monitors provide a way to keep people accountable to their goals, and realize that they have to build physical activity into their day; it doesn’t just happen. It has to be actively planned and promoted during the day.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thank you so much for that. I’d really love to have you back on in say a year or something. Would you mind if we reached out and, obviously, you’re going to be seeing the trends as they develop, and I’m sure you’ll have a completely different idea and research on where things have got to in a year’s time.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Yeah, I’d be happy to. I’m actually, we’re working on our health coaching models, we’re testing some of the new devices in the spring, and we’re also including expanding our health coaching model, where we’ll be testing this new patch device from a physical physician referral system. I think that’s where the key is. And we’ll be able to learn from these studies what type of information consumers need to change their behavior, and what level of involvement do they need.

So a lot of our goals in our health coaching studies is to figure out a very cost effective solution. For example, can we give people a monitor and a few tips every week, and even text messages. Is that enough? Or do we need to give them a one on one counseling session, three weeks in a row, and then put them on their own?

And so we’re trying to figure out that optimal dose and scope of what a behavior change component needs to be. And, you know, we’ll have a lot more to know by next year.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. Yeah, and so you bring up a lot of the challenge of using these is understanding the psychology and the behavioral implications of it. So this is the more complex area to look into, really. Analyzing, as you say, how to report the data of people on frequency, the format, and what actually influences behavior and gets us to the end goal.

Well great Greg, thank you so much for your time today, and looking forward to talk to you again as your research expands and continues to look at this area.

[Dr. Greg Welk ]: Yeah, I’d be happy to join, and I’ve been enjoying following the blogs, and I look forward to continuing the discussion.

Leave a Reply

Micro-nutrient deficiencies are prevalent today, and prevent our biology from functioning optimally by limiting its activity. The most common and most severe micro-nutrient deficiency for most of us is Magnesium.

A hundred years ago we were able to get five hundred milligrams per day of Magnesium. Today we get closer to two hundred milligrams per day because of changes in food nutrient composition and diet that we’ll discuss today. The impacts can be subtle and long term, to severe and immediate.

As Magnesium has an important role in over 300 enzymes throughout the body, it can effect performance and health in everything from cognitive to muscle performance, and as with many other micro-nutrient deficiencies, increases our risk of cancer by causing DNA strand breaks. For the more severe, but not so uncommon deficiencies in this nutrient, symptoms can include headaches, fatigue (lower cellular energy output) and muscle cramps.

Today, we dive into the bioavailability of magnesium sources, the different types of tests available and their accuracy, and figure out the significant biomarkers.

“[Magnesium] really is the one supplement
that everybody should take.”

– Dr. Carolyn Dean

Dr. Carolyn Dean is both a medical doctor and naturopathic doctor with thirty plus years of medical experience. She is the author/coauthor of over 30 health books (print and eBooks) and 106 Kindle books. Currently in its third edition, the Magnesium Miracle has been Amazon’s #1 best selling book in both the Alternative Medicine and Vitamins & Supplements categories. She is on the Medical Advisory Board for Nutritional Magnesium Association, President of Hallmark-Dean Laboratory, and contributing editor to Natural Health magazine.

The show notes, biomarkers, and links to the apps, devices and labs and everything else mentioned are below. Enjoy the show and let me know what you think in the comments!

itunes quantified body

Show Notes

  • Magnesium is involved in 700-800 different enzyme systems within our bodies (05:09).
  • Diverse roles of magnesium (05:33).
  • Magnesium has a “push-pull relationship” with calcium.  Calcium causes muscles to contract, while magnesium relaxes muscles (05:41).
  • 80% of the population is not getting the recommended daily allowance of magnesium (07:25).
  • There are two reasons for this common micro-nutrient deficiency: (1) The soil doesn’t have magnesium. (2) There is more stress/higher demands of magnesium going on (07:37).
  • Medications, diet choices, and water sources can “bump” away, deplete storages, and bind to magnesium (08:47).
  • Amount of magnesium required to metabolize table sugar and high fructose corn syrup (08:54).
  • Common electrolyte products do not replenish magnesium (09:54).
  • Neither farmers nor organic farmers replenish the soil with minerals. Farmers would need to use rock dust on the soil to do this(11:09).
  • The soil is much lower in magnesium currently compared to ancient times due to: (1) overuse of the top soil and (2) the recycled water we use today has not undergone micronutrient accumulation (11:54).
  • When fluoride (a molecule found throughout our environment) and magnesium bind – a compound of magnesium fluoride called sellaite is created (13:15).
  • Sellaite is able to replace the magnesium found in bone and cartilage, overall making bones more prone to fracturing (13:30).
  • 20% of prescription drugs have added fluoride molecules to assist in drug delivery to the cell (13:49).
  • The highest amount of magnesium can be found in the heart (14:36).
  • Explanation of the magnesium depletion cycle (16:01).
  • Dr. Carolyn Dean defines terminology: skipped beat, arrhythmia, and palpitations (18:35).
  • Additional symptoms of magnesium deficiencies (20:45).
  • There are many seemingly unique symptoms or symptom combinations that can appear in a magnesium deficiency. The appearance of these symptoms is based on the individual and that individual’s vulnerable areas (23:45).
  • Doctors and specialists often see and treat the various symptoms individually, and may be unable to put it all together as a magnesium deficiency (24:14).
  • Magnesium deficiencies have contributed to ending the careers of professional athletes due to severe muscle cramps (26:20).
  • Advice Dr. Carolyn Dean gives to parents of teen athletes on muscle cramps (26:44).
  • The typical test administered by doctors is the blood serum magnesium test.(27:57).
  • The red blood cell magnesium test (28:09).
  • The gold standard test is the ionized magnesium test (28:24).
  • Like many lab tests, the blood range of the tests represents the average of the population and the not the optimum (30:15).
  • What to use and how to track your own magnesium (35:30).
  • Reasons why some people feel better taking magnesium and then feel it is no longer helping (38:00).
  • How to slowly introduce magnesium, tracking symptoms and/or RBC measurements as they increase slowly and steadily (38:24).
  • The dynamic between treating the symptoms of magnesium deficiency and other medications (39:24).
  • Table salt compared to sea salt (41:40).
  • Magnesium sources through the skin (42:48).
  • If one is taking a magnesium supplement able to be properly absorbed, then it should not produce the laxative effect (44:58).
  • Foods high in magnesium (46:48).
  • How many milligrams of calcium Dr. Carolyn Dean recommends (47:22).
  • Once treated, feeling symptomatically better can occur overnight, within a week or after several months depending on various factors (51:29).
  • Herbicides and pesticide can also bind up minerals found in the soil (55:17).
  • Discussion of German New Medicine and Total Biology (57:16).
  • Dr. Carolyn Dean does not track biomarkers on a routine basis (57:30).
  • Dr. Carolyn Dean’s one biggest recommendation on using body data to improve your health, longevity and performance is to track magnesium (58:50).

Thank Dr. Carolyn Dean on Twitter for this interview.
Click Here to let her know you enjoyed the show!

Dr. Carolyn Dean

The Tracking

Biomarkers

  • Red Blood Cell (RBC) Magnesium Level: This biomarker indicates the amount of magnesium located within the RBC. This can give a more accurate result then serum magnesium levels. Dr. Carolyn Dean advises an optimal range of 6.0-6.5 mg/dL.
  • Serum Magnesium Levels (or Serum Total Magnesium): This is the most common biomarker tested for when clinically evaluating of magnesium levels currently. It is expressed in Milligrams per Deciliter (mg/dL) and is very limited in its ability to reflect total body magnesium levels. Less then 1% of total body magnesium is found in serum.
  • Serum Ionized Magnesium Levels: This is the measure Carolyn recommends for the most accurate assessment, for which unfortunately tests are not accessible outside of research currently. There are many studies over the last decades using this marker – see pubmed reference.

Lab Tests, Devices and Apps

  • RBC Magnesium Test: Able to be ordered online without a prescription and used to evaluate magnesium levels in red blood cells.
  • Exatest: This test is the most accurate and most expensive test. Magnesium levels present within the tissue cell are determined through a cheek swab.

The Tools

Supplements

  • Transdermal Magnesium Chloride: This is Damien’s described method and is an oil to be placed on the skin and is comprised from super saturated magnesium chloride and distilled water.
  • Magnesium Citrate: Often in powder form, may be dissolved in water and sipped throughout the day.
  • Sea Salt and Himalayan Salt: Carolyn recommended using sea salts because of their high mineral content. Options include Sea Salt and Pink Himalayan Salt.
  • Epsom Salts: Traditionally used to replenish magnesium levels, this is a magnesium sulphate source. Dr. Carolyn Dean recommends placing one to two cups in a medium hot bath and soak for 20-30 minutes. (Note from Damien: Some people, particularly chronically ill with methylation issues may be sensitive to sulphur and get some negative symptoms from magnesium sulphate. So monitor for symptoms if this is your situation.)
  • Magnesium Oxide: One of the cheapest and poorly absorbed sources of magnesium. In this form only 4% is absorbed, while contributing to the laxative reputation of magnesium.

Other People, Books & Resources

Organizations

  • Remineralize the Earth: Dr. Carolyn Dean praises this organization’s focus of soil amendment with minerals.
  • The Heart Rhythm Society (HRS): The Heart Rhythm Congress organized by the HRS awarded, “The Arrhythmia Alliance Outstanding Medical Contribution to Cardiac Rhythm Management Services Award 2012” to Dr. Carolyn Dean.
  • Nutritional Magnesium Association: A non-profit educational site Dr.Carolyn Dean is a part of the Medical Advisory Board.

Other

  • German New Medicine: Dr. Carolyn Dean has studied a version of this, Total Biology. This describes the connection between brain and physical symptoms in the body.

Full Interview Transcript

Transcript - Click Here to Read
[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Carolyn, thank you so much for joining us today.

[Carolyn Dean]: Oh, you’re welcome Damien. Good to be here. Always love to educate people about magnesium.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, and the first time I came across magnesium as being something important for our health was your books. So thank you very much for putting that out there, because it really was something that was a bit different. I’m not sure how you first came upon all of this, because you were the first person to start talking about magnesium.

It’d be interesting just to see, where did this all start? And when did you decide to start focusing on magnesium, and see it as something so important?

[Carolyn Dean]: How I became interested in magnesium is, it actually came to me. Random House, the publisher, wanted me to write a book on magnesium. At the time, I didn’t think that you could find 300 pages to write on one mineral, but I was completely amazed. This was in the late 1990’s.

And I realized that I had magnesium deficiency symptoms of heart palpitations and leg cramps. So for me, it was very serendipitous, and really helped my health. And, as it turns out, has helped hundreds of thousands of people who’ve read the book.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, that’s great, that’s very interesting. Why did Random House decide that magnesium was something worth talking about?

[Carolyn Dean]: Well one of their editors, I was told, had migraine headaches, and found when she took some magnesium, they helped her migraines. And she was so amazed she wanted more information. And as it turns out, it can help literally hundreds of symptoms, and many dozens of conditions. So, it’s quite an amazing mineral. As you said, not many people know about it.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, yeah. So, what is the role of magnesium in the body? Why is it important? Basically, if a deficiency in a mineral – or micro-nutrient, as we sometimes call them – is able to cause a lot of symptoms, it’s because it’s taking on some important roles in the body. And then when it’s lacking, it’s obviously us all these symptoms.

So what is the magnesium doing in our body? Why is it so important?

[Carolyn Dean]: Right, we’ll you’ve laid it out quite well. Magnesium is necessary for the activation and function of between 700 and 800 different enzyme systems in the body. So, it’s catalyzing most chemical reactions in the body.

It synthesized protein, transmits nerve signals, relaxes muscles. And I should throw in here that calcium contracts muscles. And so they have a push-pull relationship, magnesium and calcium. And magnesium also produces and transports energy called ATP.

And yet in medical school we’re just told that magnesium is a laxative. So, that’s why I write the book, and do a lot of interviews, and a lot of papers to describe the importance of magnesium, and to show people how they can improve their magnesium intake.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Excellent. Interestingly enough, I’ve had magnesium deficiency myself. I’ve had all the tests you recommend and everything. Also, some additional tests relating to mitochondrial functions. So you just mentioned ATP, and magnesium. And I had issues of my mitochondria and energy production, which caused all sorts of symptoms.

So my own personal story, I’ve come across this directly. And it was coming across in those tests as well, that I needed to build up my magnesium. So we can talk a little bit later about how you get people’s magnesium status to be raised under these things. But certainly for me, it was, and still is, very important to maintain my health.

So, why is it that they, there are many people… Because it’s counted as the second most common deficiency, in terms of micro-nutrients, in the Western world. Why is it today that we have this issue, where it is so deficient? Are there reasons that, either our intake of magnesium has changed, is it lower than historically, or, somehow is maybe the demands for magnesium higher?

[Carolyn Dean]: I think both contribute to the extreme magnesium deficiency to the point where 80% of the population is not getting even close to the recommended daily allowance of magnesium. Number 1, there’s very magnesium in the soil anymore. So, when a plant grows and it’s supposed to pull up minerals into it’s tiny, tiny plant rootlets, if the minerals aren’t there, the plant is not going to have minerals.

I’ve had cases of people on these crazy 140 ounces of green drink a day. And they come to me with heart palpitations and leg cramps – two of the major symptoms of magnesium deficiency – and they can’t believe it when I tell them they’re magnesium deficient, because they’re eating all these plants, all this greenery. And they go and get a blood test, and well and behold, they’re low in magnesium. And it’s because even if they’re eating organic plants, if the soil doesn’t have magnesium, the plants aren’t going to have magnesium.

And number 2, the demands from magnesium are much higher. I suppose there was always stress, of course, but now you see magnesium can be bumped away by medications that contain fluoride. The fluoride binds magnesium. Fluoridated and chlorinated water can bind up magnesium and make it unavailable. The diet, for example with sugars, it takes 26 molecules of magnesium to metabolize one molecule of table sugar.

The quarreling there with fructose, it takes twice as much. So it’s 52 molecules of magnesium required to metabolize one molecule of fructose. So people who turn to these high-fructose corn syrup sweeteners and say, well it’s fruit sugar; they’re actually in worse shape. They’re using up more magnesium.

So, we’re not getting it in our diets, and we continue to dissolve it with our behavior, and with the food. With alcohol you drain it, coffee drains it. Even in the athletics, the sweating where we lose sodium we think, we’re also losing magnesium. And when we just replace with certain electrolyte products that are high in sugar, and maybe high in sodium, we’re not replacing magnesium. And we’re causing people, actually, to have blood sugar imbalances.

You take an elite athlete and their intake of one of the major electrolyte products. They could be taking about 60 teaspoons of sugar a day, which they’re not able to metabolize, which ruins their magnesium balances, and they’re sweating out their magnesium and not replacing it.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Wow, that’s a whole host of conditions. I guess one of the most interesting ones is the soil, this input. Why is the soil so much lower in magnesium today? Is it because of overuse? We all hear about how we’ve been overusing the same amount of soil, and the top soil is disappearing steadily. Is that one of the main reasons?

[Carolyn Dean]: Yes, exactly. In ancient times, or even just a hundred years ago, they tell us that we could get about 500 milligrams of magnesium in our daily diet. Now we’re lucky to get 200. And it’s because the soil has been completely depleted of certain minerals, like magnesium, and the farmers don’t replace minerals. Even organic farmers, they don’t necessarily put what we need, which is rock dust, on the soil.

Hundreds of years ago when the spring thaw would bring water down from the mountains, the water and the tumbling of the rocks would create a high mineral content water that would end up in the deltas before it landed in the ocean. And the plains around the mouth of the rivers would flood, and in those plains with high mineral content water, they would grow the crops.

Now, that’s where everybody lives. And the farms have been relegated to places where they have to irrigate. But they just haven’t put the minerals back in the soil.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. Of course, and we’re using recycled water, which hasn’t gone through that whole natural process of micro-nutrient accumulation. It’s very interesting. I think there’s a business out there for someone, agricultural organic crops with micro-nutrients added. I don’t know if it’s possible. Have you seen that today? Does that exist somewhere?

[Carolyn Dean]: Yes, there’s a great website called Remineralize.org. And they do a lot about reaching education, about amending the soil with minerals. Remineralize.org.

People definitely know there’s a problem. In my Magnesium Miracle book, right at the beginning I talk about a 1934 Congressional Committee that reported on the enormous deficiency of minerals in the soil that just lead people to eat more and more food to try to get the nutrients they needed, which just ended up making people fat and mineral deficient.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, yeah. Exactly. And another interesting aspect that you mentioned was the fact that some molecules aren’t natural to our body. You brought up fluoride actually bind to magnesium. And of course, there’s a lot of fluoride around us in the water, the toothpaste, and so on today. Is that a very tight binding? Are they strongly attracted, those two molecules?

[Carolyn Dean]: Yes, very strongly. They form a complex called sellaite, and it’s brittle. And sellaite, this magnesium fluoride, it’s insoluble. It replaced magnesium in bone and cartilage. And it can make bones prone to fracture.

And what I found when I was doing the recent research for this third edition of Magnesium Miracle, 20% of our prescription drugs have added fluoride molecules, but those drugs are the majority of the commonly used drugs. They added the fluoride molecules to drugs because it increases the drugs ability to dissolve in fats, and therefore go across the fatty cell membranes. Which means it can be built up in stronger levels in the cells.

So anyway, what we’ve ended up doing is what 70% of Americans taking prescription drugs, we’re giving them all this extra fluoride. It’s binding up the magnesium. And when you look at the side effects of the commonly used drugs, a lot of them are cardiovascular side effects. The highest amount of magnesium in the whole body is in the heart. So, when you start to experience magnesium deficiency, you can start to get heart symptoms. Mine were the heart palpitations. That’s very common. I won an award actually in 2012 from the Heart Rhythms Society for my work with magnesium on heart arrhythmias.

But most doctors don’t understand the magnesium picture because we did not learn about it in medical school. You were mentioning – and I know I’m jumping around here, but there’s just so much to say – you were mentioning about the Krebs cycle, the energy cycle, in the mitochondria. Six out of eight of the steps in the Krebs cycle require magnesium. So, when anyone ever talks to me about mitochondrial problems, and they take about all these esoteric supplements they’re being told to take, and that, of it’s so dangerous. You need a lot of magnesium, mainly, to get your Krebs cycle going.

And so what happens with the vicious cycle of fatigue in terms of magnesium deficiency occurring. People go to doctors, and they’re fatigued, their heart may be palpitating, they’re under stress, their magnesium is deficient so they may get high blood pressure. So what happens is they start on this round of medications. They’re given a diuretic that drains out fluids, including magnesium.

They’re not even tested for magnesium – and we can get into that later – but there’s a cycle of blood pressure medications, and then they come back and all the sudden their blood sugar’s elevated. Well one of the signs of diabetes is low magnesium. And then their cholesterol is elevated. Well, the enzyme that helps balance cholesterol in the body requires magnesium. And if it’s deficient, then your cholesterol level will go up.

So, we’ve got people on things like Prozac because they’re fatigued, and they’re not sleeping, so they appear depressed. Well Prozac has three fluoride molecules. They’re put on cholesterol drugs; Lipitor has one fluoride molecule. They’re put on anti-arrhythmia drugs; one of them called Flecainide has six fluoride molecules.

And they irony of putting someone on an anti-arrhythmia drug that actually binds incredible amounts of magnesium is incredible. Because even when you look at the side effects of Flecainide, it’s fast, irregular pounding or racing heartbeat, shortness of breath, and tightness in the chest. The nerves, you have burning, crawling, itching, numbness, prickling pins and needles, or tingling feeling and chest pains. All of those are magnesium deficiency side effects.

Even the shortness of breath. When the smooth muscles in the bronchial tubes tighten up, because without magnesium your muscles get tight because you have relatively more calcium. Calcium tightens muscles, magnesium relaxes them. So that’s where you get all the tightening in the heart muscles, tightening in the calf muscles. And then people think you have a heart problem, whereas you have a magnesium problem.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great review there. Just for some people at home, you mentioned palpitations and arrhythmias a couple of times. In kind of layman’s terms, how would you explain that to someone at home?

[Carolyn Dean]: Well, it would be… You don’t even notice your heart beating, number one. That’s normal. But when you start feeling your heart pounding, or going fast, to me that’s magnesium deficiency, until proven otherwise. Unless you’re running down the track or something. But if your heart’s starting to pound out of the blue, it can make people feel anxious for that to happen. They can actually go into an anxiety attack.

Anxiety itself can be a magnesium deficiency. And then your heart can sort of pound along, and then stop for an instant. And then resume again.Well that’s a skipped beat, and when that happens more frequently then it’s called an arrhythmia, or a heart palpitation.

When I used to get my little run of abnormal beats, it would make me have a little cough. I’d just cough as my body tried to re-adjust the rhythm. And it’s mainly that the heart has several pacemakers. The natural pacemakers of the heart keeps the steady beat. If and when the heart muscle is in tension from magnesium deficiency, or it’s damaged by a heart attack, then the accessory pacemakers of the heart can be pulled on or tweaked, and they can start firing out beats inappropriately, and that is an irregular rhythm that’s created.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thank you very much for that. That helps clarify it.

So, have we covered all of the symptoms? For people at home, if they were asking themselves a question right now, do I have a magnesium deficiency, and how serious is it, potentially.

[Carolyn Dean]: Right. I can quickly run through a list Damien, because even when I say, well anything that can tighten a muscle can be a symptom. And you see that can be: acid reflux; if your stomach is in a spasm you can push stomach contents up and give yourself some heart burn; the angina I talked about, that’s the heart muscle going into spasm; anxiety; high blood pressure; cholesterol elevation, we mentioned; constipation, where the muscles of the intestines are kind of tighten and spasm, and they won’t push along your intestinal contents; depression; diabetes; fibromyalgia, that’s a huge magnesium deficiency problem. There are other things involved, but that’s where we start.

Headaches and migraines, I’ve mentioned. Even irritable bowl syndrome, where you have these incredible abdominal pains and either constipation or diarrhea. Any sort of inflammation, insomnia. I tell people if you have insomnia then you should take magnesium. If you don’t think it’s working, take more magnesium. Kidney stones, any sort of nerve twitching, PMS, seizures. A lot of some birth problems like eclampsia in women, that ‘s a magnesium deficiency symptom.

I have in my blogs, and in my books, I’ve put down 100 factors where you can gauge your magnesium deficiency. And we’ve gone over a couple, like alcohol intake. If you’re angry, you could be magnesium deficient. If you have any brain trauma, the first thing a person needs to do is have a magnesium intravenous, but not a lot of doctors understand that, or realize it.

If you’re eating a junk food diet, you’re making yourself magnesium deficient. Even infertility. If the fallopian tubes are in spasm, then they won’t allow the sperm to go along the fallopian tubes up to the ovary.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. So a lot of, it comes across that really there’s a lot of bits of your body that can malfunction if they don’t get the magnesium. And that’s basically what’s going on, they’re not functioning optimally, and it’s causing spasms and different things like this.

Just out of interest, I know my friends and I growing up – because we grow up in the coffee-stimulated management consulting area – we used to get a lot of pains in our chest. I was just wondering, as you said earlier, could it have been coffee induced magnesium pain, or was that just something completely different?

[Carolyn Dean]: It’s quite possible, because if the chest muscle – it doesn’t have to be heart, but the lungs, even the muscles around the ribs can go into spasm, some magnesium deficiency. In my case it was leg cramps. I have big calf muscles from dancing when I was younger, so it would hit me in my calves.

And everybody’s different. Some people who are typing a lot, they’ll say they’re getting carpel tunnel. And often that can be a magnesium deficiency.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. So it can depend where you’re basically using your body the most, because then, obviously, the magnesium’s getting exhausted to a worse extent in that part of the body, in that area.

So, are there severities, like if you continue to be magnesium deficient you’ll get more and more symptoms. Is that something you’ve seen in your practice?

[Carolyn Dean]: Right, yes. When you were saying that, I thought, you see different people will experience it in different areas. Why would one person get migraine headaches, and another person get chest pain, another person asthma, another person leg cramps? So it can be your vulnerable area.

And then what happens, it just seems to escalate where you start having different body parts effected. By the time people get to me, they have insomnia, they have anxiety attacks, they have irregular heart beat, they’ll get migraine headaches. So when you go to a doctor and you have that whole list, and you’re off to see a half dozen different specialists, and nobody puts it together that it’s all one thing: magnesium deficiency.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. So, do you understand the mechanism behind the headaches? Is it because there’s too much calcium versus magnesium in the brain, and that’s causing damage? Or how does that work?

[Carolyn Dean]: When I go into that in the book I have a whole chapter on headaches, and it can be muscle tension and spasm in the neck and head muscles. That’s sort of a common one. But it can also be, with migraines, a serotonin imbalance, because serotonin, the feel good neurotransmitter, is magnesium dependent. So if you have a deficiency, it can result in migraines and depression.

So there’s lots of reasons for a person to get headaches. And it can be injury; I remember a patient of mine, she was hit with a baseball bat in the head when she was young, and she began to get headaches. Well, 20 years later the doctors wouldn’t believe that a baseball bat to the head could still be bothering her. But, what had happened is the muscles in the scalp will just clamp down, and create this chronic tension and pain.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay, so we’ve talked a little about negative health. Right, chronic health conditions. So, being normal, like less than normal. Now, in terms of performance, have you looked at all into the impact of, or have you come across people who their performance has been impacted with various cognitive performance, athletic performance?

[Carolyn Dean]: Absolutely. I’ve had a couple of former NFL players who’ve had to quit the sport because of extremely severe muscle cramping, and then come to find out many years later that it was magnesium deficiency.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Wow. So their career’s finished because of magnesium deficiency. And it could have been fixed.

[Carolyn Dean]: You look at Kobe Bryant in the first game of the NBA finals. He was taken off with muscle spasms. So I wrote a big article about Kobe Bryant Has Magnesium Deficiency. And that’s where I was quoting earlier about when you take these electrolytes, you’re just getting sugar and sodium back. But anyway, yes players can be very much effected in any sort of team sport where you’re sweating a lot.

I’ve had a lot of teen athletes whose parents have come to me for guidance in how to get over their spasms. And it’s increasing their hydration, putting sea salt in the water, getting liquid magnesium, and liquid multiple minerals into water. And that is all that it takes to turn them around and keep them in the game.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That’s great to hear that. That’s really bad news for the guys who quit the game just for magnesium deficiency. It’s unfortunate that things weren’t known back then.

So, we talked a lot about the symptoms now, so people can have an idea if it’s a possibility. But, if you really want to know, I guess the first thing people do is they go to a doctor and they get their magnesium tested. And what is the standard way of testing that if you go to your doctor he’s going to test you, in terms of labs?

[Carolyn Dean]: Right. Unfortunately, it’s a blood serum magnesium. And the serum, it only has about 1% of the total body magnesium. So it’s the wrong measurement. It’s the wrong dipstick to put your needle into, because you’re not getting any accuracy in that test.

I’ve been recommending people get the red blood cell magnesium test. You can even go online and get it yourself, if your doctor doesn’t know about it. And I tell people to go to their doctor and keep asking and asking for the red blood cell magnesium test. I would love to see the ionized magnesium test, because that is the gold standard. And it’s still in the research stages.

But one of my articles online about kidney disease and magnesium. A magnesium researcher worked with a kidney researcher, and they found that people with chronic kidney disease of all varieties have the highest levels of serum magnesium. But in that same sample, the lowest level of ionized magnesium. So, in the serum it’s looking high because you see the serum has to perfuse the heart. So the serum magnesium is always going to be in this very narrow range, and it’s always going to look pretty normal, unless you’re really far gone, because it has to keep the heart perfused.

So, it will take extra magnesium out of your bones and muscles as needed. So every time you measure the serum magnesium it’s going to look normal. And doctors have gotten to the point of saying, well we don’t bother testing magnesium because it always looks normal. And you will notice in any electrolyte panel you’ve ever gotten, there’s never a magnesium level. It’s calcium and sodium and fluoride, but never magnesium.

So, I’m pushing for the ionized magnesium. In the meantime, I do the magnesium RBC blood test. But, Damien, it’s so crazy out there. The range for the magnesium red blood cell test, it used to be 4.2 to 6.8. And one year later, it’s 3.8 to 6.0 because the population is getting more and more deficient in magnesium. And what a blood range is is just the average population that the lab serves. They don’t look at the optimums, they just look at what’s out there.

So, I have to educate people, “Okay, right. The range may say 3.8 to 6.0, but we want you to be 6.0 or even higher.” I used to tell people with the old range – it would go up to 6.8 – I said, I want you to be 6.0 to 6.5. But it’s a huge educational leap to say to people, well you want to be higher than the range; It’s all marked with red flags that it’s too high. So it’s a huge educational challenge to make doctors, and the public, understand that they really are very deficient in magnesium, and need to take it.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: This is a big problem with many labs. I mean, it’s the fault of the labs as well, but their normalizing based on the population instead of studies saying that optimum levels, healthy levels, are what they tend to do. Just a normal curve of what they receive in the door. And then they say you’re in the middle.

Even if – as we’re saying – 80% of the population is deficient, so clearly the average is going to be far, far from optimum, in this case. As many tests were in this case. So it’s just, even if you’re getting tests back from labs, you should check what is the reality of benchmarks. And that’s why I wanted you to talk about that a bit.

So what units of measurement are the RBC magnesium?

[Carolyn Dean]: The measurements of the RBC magnesium, how do you mean? The average range, I just mentioned it.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: But how are they measuring it? Just in case different labs use different units.

[Carolyn Dean]: Ah, yeah. Milligrams per deciliter.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay. Great. And so you’re saying six or above is what you should be aiming for.

[Carolyn Dean]: Is optimum. I use the word optimum.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah. Is there any case where you could have too high magnesium?

[Carolyn Dean]: Well, when I’ve seen – I think it’s twice out of the hundreds I’ve seen – it’s been a bit over the range, and then when I asked the person, they’ve taken magnesium the morning of the test. And in terms of having too much magnesium, the body does have a fail safe for magnesium, where it will give you the laxative effect if it’s got too much – either at that point in time or just too much in general. But no other mineral has that fail safe in the same way, so I consider magnesium an extremely safe mineral.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. And you’ve just dropped another little gold tip there, which is don’t take magnesium before your magnesium test. If you want to get a realistic value there – which goes for most things we’re testing – make sure you’re not interfering with the test results.

So the other test you mentioned was ionized magnesium, and you say that’s better. What are the issues with RBC magnesium first?

[Carolyn Dean]: Well, the RBC magnesium tests what’s in the red blood cells, and that is a different entity than a tissue cell, or a muscle cell. So it may give – and I don’t know, I’m just making this assumption – that maybe it’s 40 or 50% accurate. Whereas the serum magnesium test, it’s only measuring 1% of your total body magnesium.

You see there has not even been enough research comparing them all. This anecdotal study I’m talking about, with the magnesium researcher and the kidney researcher, and finding that kidney patients have high levels of serum magnesium. You see, they’d be warned to not take magnesium. “Oh, it’s going to be too high.” Whereas that same sample had a low level of ionized magnesium. So they had magnesium in their blood, but not in their cells.

And then the study went on to give people liquid magnesium that was ionized. It went into their cells, and their health improved. These kidney patients actually got better. So, when the magnesium researcher asked if the kidney specialist would write about these amazing findings, he said he couldn’t because it was so well known that magnesium can’t be taken in kidney disease.

So we’ve got another instance where people aren’t being given information because it goes against the grain of what doctors have learned all these decades.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, right. So is this ionized magnesium test available with many labs?

[Carolyn Dean]: No, it’s only about, at the last count, 125 labs out of the 5,000 in the US. And they’re all in research institutions, as I understand it.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So that’s like LabCorp, CorQuest, which are the typical ones people go to.

[Carolyn Dean]: No, they wouldn’t have it. I mean, you’re lucky to educate them about magnesium RBC test. I tell people to go to an online site called Requestatest.com. And without a doctor’s prescription you can order your own blood test, which I think is fabulous. And then people can follow their magnesium. The price of it is often less than the copay you’d have to pay your doctor to go in and get a prescription.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. Because when we order directly, we can’t get insurance to cover it?

[Carolyn Dean]: I don’t know about that. I just talk about the copay in the sense, well insurance doesn’t cover your copay. So, people make up their own minds. But I do ask people to talk to their doctors about it, just to educate the doctors, because doctors don’t even know about it.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So it sounds like the ionized magnesium test is pretty hard to get at. Maybe if you are a typical citizen, we can’t actually get access to it right now? Or is there one lab that we can get it from, perhaps with a prescription? There isn’t right now?

[Carolyn Dean]: No.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay, great. Well, not great, but it’s good to have the clarity on that. Hope it’s coming soon.

The other test I heard you mention in the past, maybe you’ve kind of dropped it now, is exit test? Where you have the scraping of the inner cheek to see what is in the bio-sample. Is that something you don’t recommend though?

[Carolyn Dean]: Well, it is a very good test, you can measure more than the magnesium. It’s getting right into the tissue cells, so I think it is more accurate than the magnesium RBC, but it’s very expensive; it’s hundreds of dollars. However, insurance does cover it. And then there’s another however, you have to get a practitioner to do the scraping. So you have to pay for an office visit to get it.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. So it’s inconvenient.

[Carolyn Dean]: Inconvenient, that’s the word. Right.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. So you’re just saying people should get RBC magnesium. I got my RBC magnesium done, I haven’t done the exit test.

[Carolyn Dean]: Oh good!

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Probably for those reasons, because it was the easiest one to get set up, and the exit test is quite a lot of money considering. If you’ve already decided to supplement with magnesium, because, say you’ve got a few symptoms, then thinking about it, what’s the cost benefit of me doing the exit test versus the RBC.

Because the nice thing is, you can trend the RBC, and if it’s going upwards then you should be making improvements. Is that an assumption you could make?

[Carolyn Dean]: Oh yes. I see that all the time, people improving. And when they don’t, then I just have a conversation about, are you taking medications? Yes, usually. Are you under more stress? Yes. Are you taking your sea salt in water? No.

I have a blog called When Magnesium Makes Me Worse. And I go through this sort of thing where people will start taking magnesium and they’ll feel better, and then they say, well it’s not helping anymore. And it’s often because they’re not taking enough.

When you’re starting to wake up 700 to 800 different enzyme systems in the body, you’re body is crying out for more and more and more. And it doesn’t go on forever. You certainly come to a point where you have a daily requirement. And in fact, as you build up your stores you need less magnesium as time goes on.

So, in the beginning you really, in my opinion, you have to go slowly into magnesium, because it can actually help detoxify the cells, detoxify the liver. So I tell people to go slowly and steadily, and increase as they either watch their symptoms, or watch the magnesium RBC test.

I only started really pushing the magnesium RBC test because I put it in my book. I don’t know the people who are taking magnesium, they’re not my patients. So I’m just trying to be very cautious, and be scientific about it. Especially with people on a half a dozen medications, and then they’re saying, “Well, is magnesium going to be dangerous?” I’d like to say to them, well did you ask that question about your six medications?

Because if you’re on medication and you start taking magnesium for magnesium deficiency symptoms, you’re not going to need as much medication. The medication might start to appear toxic. And then you’re going to say, “Oh, the magnesium is making me sick.” Whereas it’s your body is trying to get rid of the drugs.

So, it’s an education. That’s why I’ve written so much about it. Because we’re in the situation now, as I mentioned, where you have a little bit of high blood pressure, and all the sudden you’re on six medications, and that’s going to start really depleting your magnesium.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: There’s some very good points on how you’ve taken a personal approach to this, to consider all the factors in your life. So it’s difficult for someone like you, who’s written a book trying to address the general population to just say, everyone do this. It’s not bad.

But I guess having an RBC magnesium test, and judging by your symptoms, you can make a start of understanding where you’re at, and what could be necessary. So what kind of things do you recommend to increase our magnesium? You’ve mentioned sea salt. Is that Himalayan salt, or is that just natural sea salt? (40:19)

[Carolyn Dean]: Himalayan is good, Celtic salt. Yes with the stress that people are under, the stress that makes them lose magnesium, you’re also losing sodium. And I tell people that sea salt, it has the sodium, it has some magnesium, a bit of calcium, but not that much. But it does have 72 minerals. So, there are tiny amounts of minerals that we may not even know we’re lacking.

I have people on sea salt, and overnight they’ll say they’re not getting up to go to the bathroom. They’re retaining their fluid in their cells more than it just running through them, and claim all kinds of benefits. So it’s a great start in terms of water intake. I tell people to take half their body weight measured in pounds, take half that weight in ounces of water a day.

With all the filtering and reverse osmosis, even distilled water out there, people are not getting minerals from their liquids anymore. So I add the sea salt, and of course people say, “Oh my doctor told me not to take salt because of my blood pressure.” Well, table salt is just sodium chloride, and that is almost like a drug. We’re not talking about sodium chloride, we’re talking about sea salt, which has 72 minerals. (41:40)

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, right. And then, the rock salts as well. They’re balanced, basically, instead of being concentrated, many-made synthetic. That’s why you’re saying it’s a drug, because it’s refined compound. Which I guess you could compare to refined food, which often doesn’t have positive impacts on the side because it’s unbalanced, at the end of the day.

So, in terms of athletes, you also mentioned that they have issues with electrolyte drinks. Are there any electrolyte drinks out there which have a more balanced profile?

[Carolyn Dean]: I have not found one yet. I’m more keen on an electrolyte liquid myself, but we don’t have to go there. Because I just couldn’t find anything out in the commercial world that wasn’t loaded with sugar and sodium.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. So, in terms, are there foods we should be eating? Personally, I use transdermal magnesium oil, magnesium chloride oil from some of the seas, so it’s supposedly pure. Could you talk a little bit about that? Is that one of the better methods to raise your levels?

[Carolyn Dean]: It is a good method. When you put magnesium on your skin, you’re actually stimulating the DHEA receptors in your body, so it helps your hormone balance. Myself, before I got into my liquid magnesium, I had to use so much magnesium oil on my skin it became irritating. So, some people have to dilute it with distilled water.

All of magnesium oil is super saturated magnesium chloride in distilled water. And, the transdermal approach, that was started centuries ago, probably, with Epsom salts baths, where the midwives would use it for all their pregnant patients. And what you do is put one or two cups in a medium hot bath, and soak for about 20 or 30 minutes. And you can begin to see the effects of magnesium immediately just by doing these baths.

It’s a way for people to sort of get introduced to magnesium, because I just said, they may be on half a dozen drugs and afraid to do anything that their doctor doesn’t recommend. So, you do the Epsom salts, you feel better, and then you may feel like going to a transdermal magnesium oil, or some of the oral magnesiums.

In terms of the most common and the cheapest magnesium, it’s actually the least well absorbed. And this is where magnesium will get the reputation for just being a laxative. Because the magnesium oxide is only 4% absorbed, and that means the other 96% will find its way into the intestine and cause diarrhea. Now, that’s okay for a certain percentage of the population that’s constipated, but you do have to be careful to not create too much of a laxative effect.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That’s interesting. So if you are magnesium deficient, and you’re taking a supplement – I don’t know which ones you’d recommend – but, I don’t know, magnesium glycinate. There’s many different varieties, there might be a more available one you’d recommend.

But if it’s getting absorbed into your body then it won’t produce the laxative effect. So, is that really based on the economic ones right?

[Carolyn Dean]: Correct.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That’s interesting, because I actually had that problem where I was trying to induce… And obviously I had the wrong type, because I had to buy an available type, and wasn’t aware of this connection. Because it never induced the laxative effect I was looking for.

[Carolyn Dean]: And the way around the laxative effect too, there are forums. People can check on my website under resources for the different forums written about them. But you can take, for example, a magnesium citrate powder and put it in a liter of water, and shake it up and just sip it through the day. If you take small amounts of magnesium through the day, then it will gradually get into the cells, and will build up.

But if you take two or three teaspoons of a magnesium citrate powder all at once, then you could overwhelm the cell’s ability to absorb, and then it runs out the other end. So. And that’s a waste of money, and also you could be pulling out other nutrients when you have diarrhea.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, that’s key. In terms of foods, are there higher magnesium foods which you recommend people start to incorporate into their diets?

[Carolyn Dean]: Right, there are, but I’ve already had the caveat about if they’re grown on mineral depleted soil it’s hard to say, but seaweeds are high in magnesium. In the ocean there’s three times the magnesium compared to calcium. So there’s a lot in seaweeds, in chocolate. 100% cacao is high in magnesium, that’s why some women, especially, have chocolate cravings before their period, because they’re craving magnesium.

There’s different herbs. I have it in my book, purslane, for example, is very high magnesium, again, if the soil is high. Cilantro is high in magnesium. Nuts and seeds, deep green leafy vegetables. Some grains. But again, I always have to hesitate and say, but if the soil is depleted, I can’t confirm.

But I do know food has a big impact. For example, I’m telling people not to take calcium supplements, but get your calcium in your diet, but get your magnesium in a supplement. And calcium, for example, we’re told that we need 1,200, 1,500 milligrams. Whereas in the UK and the World Health Organization, they’re only saying 500 to 700 milligrams of calcium.

Well if you look at a cup of yogurt, that’s about 300 milligrams of calcium right there. I’ve done experiments with myself, and I find if I have two or three cups of yogurt in a day, I actually start getting a bit of heart palpitations and leg cramps, because it’s really pushed on my magnesium. It’s kind of bound up my magnesium.

So I know that you can get your calcium from your diet, just by looking at some food list – I have a couple of free e-books that people can get on my website – and you can figure out if you’re getting enough calcium in your diet. Usually from dairy, or bone broth, or fish with bones. But with magnesium, you have to be very, very wary that you’re probably only going to get about 200, maximum 300 milligrams. And I’m recommending people get about 700 milligrams, equal amounts of calcium and magnesium.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. We’ll put links to all of these things you mentioned in the show notes so that people can find them; the free e-books, and you mentioned something else earlier, about some of the tests. Make it easy for people to find.

Thank you for all of those clarifications. It really sounds like we shouldn’t really trust the food, and go the supplementation route. And you brought up magnesium citrate. Is that you’re preferred supplement?

[Carolyn Dean]: It’s one of them. I have my own product, but again, this is not a commercial broadcast, so people can search sites.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: But do feel free to point out any… Is there something specific you’ve done with your product that you feel is better?

[Carolyn Dean]: Well what happened with me Damien is I couldn’t get enough magnesium therapeutically, without stimulating my intestines and getting the laxative effect. What I did was work with a chemist to create a magnesium that is absorbed 100% at cellular level, and does not cause the laxative effect.

So that people even, I’ve had people who’ve been forced to live on an IV magnesium drips, where three or four times a week they have to take an IV drip, or their levels become so low they develop heart symptoms and cramping. And they can switch from IV onto a good magnesium that’s absorbed fully. And that’s what we’ve been lacking; all the research in medicine is in drugs, and we haven’t had enough research in the supplementation that people absolutely require.

I mean, the other thing I’m working on is the balance of the other minerals. I’ve found that the thyroid requires nine minerals to make the hormones properly. And instead of using mineral supplementation of the type of mineral that can be absorbed fully into the cells, doctors wait until the thyroid is barely functioning, and then give thyroid hormone replacement, either a synthetic or natural. And the natural doesn’t make that much difference, if you consider that what the thyroid really needs is it’s nine minerals to create it’s own hormones.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah. I mean, this is a really recurring theme on this podcast, is micro-nutrient deficiencies across the board are causing many symptoms. So I think it’s really something people need to think about, in terms of their diet and supplementation, trying to maximize how many of these micro-nutrients they’re getting into them. And testing, where possible.

So, if someone has a deficiency, how long does it take to resolve that? If they’re implementing the types of recommendations you’ve just announced? And how often do you think they should get tested? If they’re doing RBC magnesium testing, trying to figure out how close they’re getting to six.

[Carolyn Dean]: Right, I mean. There’s such a range that I get a lot of emails – I have a radio show too, so people call in – in people who have, what I would consider, minor symptoms. They can lose those symptoms overnight. They can be sleeping the first night. But then the people I get in my consulting practice – I do telephone consultations – they’ll be the ones on a half dozen medications, and sick for 40 years. And they’ll start feeling symptomatically better within a week, but then it’s going to be probably several months before they’re completely symptom free.

The way nutrients are approached in our society is as if they’re drugs. And some people will say, “Well I’ve been taking magnesium for two weeks, and I have another heart palpitation. Why is that?” And it’s because magnesium is not suppressing your palpitations, it’s actually trying to heal your muscles, and you’re building up your magnesium stores. And when I get the story of, “Well yes, I forgot to take a couple of doses.” And, “Yes, I had a lot of sugar,” or, “I had some alcohol.”

There’s a balance; when you’re taking nutrients you want your nutrients to be absorbed, so you want really high quality nutrients. And you want the basic nutrients. I have people come in to me who are on dozens and dozens of different supplements, where they read about, “Oh, this is important. If you don’t get it, you’ll surely die.” The advertising for supplements has gotten people so scared that they think they have to take everything. And they end up actually coming to me with stomach distress, because they’re swallowing all these pills.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. And as you mentioned, there’s ratios involved with many of these. Calcium to magnesium ratios, zinc to copper ratios, and in some cases it’s actually the ratio that’s really, really significant as well. One of the first episodes we had on here was talking about zinc and copper imbalances, and how they can actually create anxieties. and also some conditions in the brain.

So you’ve covered that from a different aspect, but the ratios can be very important too. So, supplementing just one single nutrient can be a problem also. Have you ever come across anyone supplementing magnesium who get problems with calcium balance?

[Carolyn Dean]: In the past number of years, I think I’ve had two people where they’ve just thought that the magnesium was all they needed, and took higher, and higher, and higher amounts. And I don’t know if we proved that there was a calcium problem, certainly, when they did their blood tests. Their calcium levels were not low on their blood test, but that’s where, in my writing, I make sure people are getting their 700 milligrams of calcium every day in their diet. And if not, to take a well absorbed calcium supplement.

I think I’m going to have to work on… They’re called picometer minerals. Picometer is like a trillionth of a meter, so that’s the size of the minerals I work with. And that is actually the mineral ion channels size in the cells. And it’s actually the diameter of the plant rootlets, picometer.

So, what’s supposed to happen is the soil is supposed to be flush with worms and organisms that break down the minerals to a picometer size so that plan rootlets absorbs them into the plants. And then we eat the plants, and we get our minerals. And it’s all supposed to go brilliantly like that. And, we’ve stopped that from happening. Its not occurring anymore, because the soils are so dead.

I mean, we didn’t even talk of the different herbicides and pesticides that actually bind up minerals. The Roundup Ready by Monsanto, it binds up 50% of magnesium, even in the soil, and it has a half life of 23 years.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah. What we are doing these days is pretty crazy, to look back on it.

Thank you very much for your time today, and I’d really like to wind down the interview with a few slightly different questions about you, and your ideas about the world of health.

First of all, are there other people, besides yourself, that you recommend to go to for advise and insights on areas around health, or testing, or any of these types of areas we’ve discussed today?

[Carolyn Dean]: Well, when people come to me, for example, with cancer, I don’t treat cancer. I’ve studied something called Total Biology. Have you heard of German New Medicine, or Total Biology Damien?

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: No, I haven’t.

[Carolyn Dean]: It’s the conflict that basis of disease, where a conflict in somebody’s brain, a worry, an unsolvable problem, can actually be downloaded in the body as a physical symptom. Like, if you’ve got a boss who makes you sick to your stomach, then you can develop a stomach ulcer. Or, if somebody’s a pain in the neck, then you can get neck pain. So, there’s simple comparisons like that. And then solvable conflict can also put itself into the body, and unless we deal with the conflict, then physical medicine really won’t be able to completely solve the problem.

So, beyond what I do in my books and my products and my website, I have a two year online wellness program. I really don’t know that anybody is covering the water front in the way I do, but, you know, I’ll refer out to people for the Total Biology, and that aspect of the psychology and physiology of the body that was never addressed in either allopathic or even my naturopathic training so far.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. Thank you very much. Are there biomarkers or labs that you track on a routine basis to monitor, or improve, your health, longevity, or these kinds of concerns?

[Carolyn Dean]: No.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Nope? Nothing you look at. Okay. Great.

What would be your one biggest recommendation to people for health, longevity, and performance?

[Carolyn Dean]: It would have to be magnesium, really, seriously. When you look at the products that some of the doctors have these days – and I’m not saying… I’ve been active for over 40 years, and it’s only in the past year or so, I’ve decided that I had to get into products because the ones I needed for myself weren’t available. And people were getting so desperate.

I spent two years creating a two year online wellness program for people, because I wanted to educate, and give them all the information I knew. People don’t have time to do a two year course. They’re desperate, they want something now. And so what I realized when I look at a lot of the supplements that, even the medical doctors are selling, you can’t even find magnesium in their products.

And so that’s where I really come back to start with magnesium. It works on nearly 700 to 800 enzyme systems, it supports the energy of your body, it helps you sleep, it gives you energy during the day, it relaxes you enough to help you sleep at night. So it really is the one supplement that everybody should take.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Thank you very much for that. So, in terms of people connecting with you, you just mentioned that you have a radio show. I think it’s also a podcast, correct?

[Carolyn Dean]: Yes! You’re right, we did podcast it. People can just go to drcarolyndean.com, and I have a little radio on the side where people can click on to get my radio show. I do blogs periodically. I used to do them more frequently, but everything really slows down in December when we’re of course doing this taping. So, drcarolyndean.com, you’ll see my wellness program, I have a free online news letter, a couple of my products are listed there that takes you to a website.

And actually, under the wellness program, people can pick up two free e-books on minerals with their pdf format. Under my wellness program.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. And of course, your book is called the Magnesium Miracle, and it’s in its third edition, I believe?

[Carolyn Dean]: That’s right. The 2014 edition, and it’s on Amazon. And actually, Amazon is doing a great job now, I heard they’re doing same day delivery in some major centers. It’s amazing.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, they are. I mean, I use Amazon every single day, it’s crazy. If you’ve got the iPhone app for Amazon, it’s dangerous.

And if you use the Amazon lockers, you can get stuff literally shipped next to a 7/11 next to you.

[Carolyn Dean]: But then even worse is having a Kindle, where you can order the next book in the series while you’re lying in the bathtub. They’re making a mint on Kindle, because you can’t lend them. So everybody has to buy a new Kindle, where as with books you can lend them all over the place.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, that’s true. I’m not complaining, I love Amazon. It makes everything very convenient.

So Carolyn, thank you so much. Of course we’ll put those references you just spoke about in the show notes, so people will be able to find you easily. But thank you so much for your time today. It’s been a pleasure talking with you, especially after having read your books so long ago. And using magnesium as a result for these many years. So thank you very much for your time, and great to connect with you.

[Carolyn Dean]: Thank you Damien, good interview. Great questions. I enjoyed it. There’s a lot of information out there, and I appreciate being able to do that, so thank you.

Leave a Reply

Is some aspect of mitochondrial damage behind cancer? If so, can this theory help us take control of cancer via tactics such as yearly or more frequent “7 day water fasts”.

When we think about death, cancer is often what we think of first. If you’re like me, most, if not all, of the deaths affecting you personally in your life may have been due to cancer.

Part of what makes a cancer diagnosis so devastating is that it’s mechanisms – how it works, where it comes from, how we can treat it effectively, how we can track it’s development, assess our risk and avoid it – continue to allude us. That makes us feel powerless against it.

Today’s episode is about the theory that mitochondrial damage is behind cancer, and how this theory may let us take control of cancer. We also hear our guest discuss the power of “water fasts” as a potential tactic to beat cancer.

If that’s true then tools that we have today such as ketogenic diets, fasting, lipid replacement therapy and other approaches to mitochondrial repair may help reduce or eliminate the risk of cancer, and even treat it when we have it.

We’ve already seen how important our mitochondria, and keeping them healthy, is in previous episodes, looking at longevity and aging with Aubrey de Grey, and autoimmune diseases with Terry Wahls. Today we add to that list the role they may be playing in the cancer diseases process.

“All cancers can be linked to impaired mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. It’s not a nuclear genetic disease. It’s a mitochondrial metabolic disease… therapeutic ketosis can enhance mitochondrial function for some conditions, and can kill tumor cells.”
– Dr. Thomas Seyfried

Today’s guest, Dr. Thomas Seyfried, is Professor of Biology at Boston College, where he leads a research program focused on the mechanisms by which metabolic therapies such as ketogenic diets and fasting can manage chronic disease and cancer. He sits on the editorial boards of four research journals, and has over 60 published papers on cancer and metabolism.

He is the author of the review paper Cancer as a Metabolic Disease, appearing in the Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism in 2010, and of the textbook in 2012 entitled Cancer as a Metabolic Disease: On the Origin, Management, and Prevention of Cancer.

He’s a frequent lecturer and speaker at conferences on the topic of cancer, impaired mitochondrial function, and using ketogenic diets and fasting tactics as therapy to treat and avoid cancer.

This was personally an important episode for me. I hope you feel more in control of your cancer risk after listening to it, as I do having followed Dr. Seyfried’s work.

The show notes, biomarkers, and links to the apps, devices and labs and everything else mentioned are below. Enjoy the show and let me know what you think in the comments!

itunes quantified body

Show Notes

  • How the idea that a change in mitochondrial function is behind cancer started in the 1920s (4:10).
  • The ancient energy mechanism through which cancer cells can bypass the mitochondria through fermentation instead of normal mitochondrial respiration (7:20).
  • The part of mitochondrial function that seems to be compromised in cancer – oxidative phosphorylation (8:15).
  • Different types of cancer cells and tumors have varying damage to their mitochondria. The worst and most aggressive cancers have the least mitochondrial function (9:00).
  • The oncogenic paradox (9:00).
  • Lipids such as Cardiolipins in the inner membrane of mitochondria are the part responsible for respiration (15:10).
  • How Dr. Seyfried pooled research from over 50 years together to develop his conclusions on cancer and the mitochondria (18:00).
  • Therapeutic ketosis and fasting can enhance mitochondria (23:00).
  • Ketone bodies produce cleaner energy, with less oxidative stress (ROS) than glucose molecules, when used for fuel in the mitochondria (27:00).
  • Nuclear genetic mutations prevent cancer cells from adapting to use ketone bodies as their energy source (29:30).
  • Which biomarkers could be indicative of cancer risk? (33:10).
  • Using therapeutic fasting of several days to improve your metabolism (36:00).
  • Using combined blood glucose – ketone meters to take readings and using Dr. Seyfried’s calculator to calculate Glucose – Ketone Indices (38:00).
  • It requires 3 to 4 days of fasting to get into the therapeutic glucose – ketone index zone (42:00).
  • “Autolytic cannibalism” to improve overall mitochondrial function – the mitochondria can either be rescued, enhanced or consumed (47:30).
  • The difficulties with directly measuring mitochondrial respiration vs. anaerobic fermentation and lactic acid to assess cancer status (49:50).
  • Weight loss can come in two types, pathological and therapeutic. The weight loss via fasting is therapeutic and healthy (52:00).
  • Cancer patients do better with chemotherapy, with less symptoms, when they are in a fasted state (52:00).
  • Cancer centers currently do not offer mitochondrial based therapies, only chemo or immuno therapies (57:40).
  • The biomarkers Dr. Thomas Seyfried tracks on a routine basis and his use of the ‘fasting’ tool (101:40).
  • What Dr. Seyfried would do if he had cancer (102:30)
  • Should you remove organs if you discover you have a high genetic risk for cancer? (E.g. BRCA1 as with Angelina Jolie) (103:30)

Dr. Thomas Seyfried

The Tracking

Biomarkers

  • Blood Glucose: A measure of the level of glucose in the blood at one point in time. Dr. Seyfried’s therapies target reduction of blood glucose levels to limit cancer cell growth, and according to his theories high blood glucose is a biomarker of increased cancer risk.
  • Glucose – Ketone Index (GKI): The ratio between the concentration of glucose in the blood to ketone bodies in the blood. The calculation is Glucose (mmol)/ Ketone (mmol). Dr. Seyfried created the index as a better way to assess metabolic status. Therapeutic efficacy is considered best with index values approaching 1.0 or below. Patients with chronic disease like cancer have index values of 50 or more. Thomas’ paper on the use of GKI for cancer patients has just been accepted for publishing: The Glucose Ketone Index Calculator: A Simple Tool to Monitor Therapeutic Efficacy for Metabolic Management of Brain Cancer. It is on Nutrition & Metabolism journal here and you can download an excel sheet to calculate the Glucose Ketone index here.
    Glucose Ketone Index - Thomas Seyfried

    Glucose Ketone Index Tracking of a Water Fast as Therapy for Brain Tumors Trial – Thomas Seyfried

Lab Tests, Devices and Apps

The Tactics

Treatments

  • 3 – 5 Day Water Only Fasts: A water-only fast of at least 3 days and preferably 5 days is recommended by Dr. Seyfried as a tool to reduce cancer risk and to lower your glucose – ketone index to 1.0. He recommends doing this twice yearly. For cancer patients he recommends much more intensive use of the water fast.
  • Ketogenic Diets: The ketogenic diet is a low carb diet which also raises the level of ketone bodies in the blood. We discussed this in depth, as well as the Ketone biomarkers and devices in episode 7 with Jimmy Moore on Ketosis.
  • Intermittent Fasting: An approach to fasting where you fast for part of the day or certain days per week. There are many approaches to this, however in Dr. Seyfried’s research he has found this doesn’t have a significant enough impact on raising ketone bodies to be therapeutic. He has only seen this via the water-fast.
  • Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT): Another therapy Dr. Seyfried believes may be beneficial to fight cancer but is relatively non-toxic in comparison to current treatment modalities (chemo and immunotherapies), and would like to trial in conjunction with fasting protocols.

Supplements

  • Oxaloacetate: A support for the mitochondria, also dubbed as an anti-aging supplement as it has caloric restriction mimicking effects. It is sold by Dave Asprey in his “Upgraded Aging” formula.
  • 3-Bromopyruvate (3BP): Dr. Seyfried would like to incorporate this non-toxic molecule in combination with fasting therapies to treat cancer patients.
  • PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone): Mentioned by Damien as a potential tool for mitochondrial biogenesis.

Other People, Resources and Books

People

  • Otto Warburg: A well known scientist who worked on cancer in the 1920s and 30s and discovered that cancer cells have different metabolism to normal cells.
  • Albert Szent-Györgyi: The oncogenic paradox was first coined by this nobel prize winner for his work with vitamin C and energy metabolism.
  • Valter Longo PhD.: Dr. Seyfried referred to Valter Longo’s work at the University of Southern California on the impacts of fasting on patients undergoing chemotherapy.
  • Angelina Jolie: The actress recently had her breast’s removed when she discovered she has the BRCA1 genetic mutation, that predisposes women to breast cancer.

Organizations

Books

Full Interview Transcript

Transcript - Click Here to Read

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Thomas, thank you so much for joining us today.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Thank you.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: I’d like to start off with basically kind of an overview, because you are putting for a different theory of cancer compared to that that’s been the reigning theory for a very, very long time now. Could you describe the differences between the two theories, and what is the basis for your new theory?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Well, it’s not that my theory is new. The theory was initiated in the early part of the last century, in the 1920’s through the 30s and 40s, by Otto Warburg, the distinguished German scientists and biochemist. It was Warburg who found that all tumor cells continue to ferment glucose in the presence of oxygen. Put it this way, lactic acid fermentation.

This is a very unusual condition that usually happens only when oxygen is not present. But to ferment in the presence of oxygen is a very, very unusual biochemical condition. Warburg said, with his extensive amounts of data, that the reason why tumor cells do this is because their respiration is defective. So, in our normal bodies, most of our cells generate energy through respiration, which is oxidative phosphorylation. And we generate ATP this way.

But cancer cells, of all types of tumors and all cells within tumors, generally have a much higher level of fermentation than the normal cells. And this then became the signature biochemical defect in tumor cells. And Warburg wrote extensively on this phenomenon, and presented massive amounts of data – he and a number of other investigators.

But what happened after Watson and Crick’s discovery of the structure of DNA, and the findings that genetic mutations and DNA damage were in tumor cells, and the enormous implications of understanding DNA as the genetic material, this just sent the whole field off into a quest to understand the genetic damage in tumor cells. And it gradually became clear to many people that cancer was a genetic disease, rather than a mitochondrial metabolic disease as Warburg had originally showed.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, so when you were talking about the energy and respiration of the cells, just a minute ago, that was actually in fact the mitochondrial respiration, and energy generation from mitochondria within cells.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: That’s correct. That’s correct, it’s mitochondrial. It’s an organelle within all of our cells, the majority of our cells – erythrocytes have no mitochondria, so they ferment. But the mitochondria are the organelle that dictates cellular homeostasis and functionality, and provides health and vitality to cells in our organisms, and ultimately our entire body.

And when these organelles become damaged, defective, or insufficient in some way, cells will normally die. But if the damage or insufficiency is a gradual chronic problem, the cells will resort to a primitive form of energy metabolism, which is fermentation. Which is the type of energy that all cells had, all organisms had before oxygen came onto the planet, which was like a billion years ago.

So what these cells are doing then is essentially going back to a very primitive state of energy metabolism, which was linked to rapid proliferation. Cells would divide rapidly and grow widely before oxygen came onto the planet. So what these cancer cells are doing is just falling back on the type of energy metabolism that existed for all organisms before oxygen came on the planet.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Does that type of fermentation type of respiration, metabolic activity, is that originating from the mitochondria, or from the cell itself?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: No, there was no mitochondria before oxygen came on the planet. So this was purely a reductive activity within cells. It doesn’t require mitochondria, it’s a purely cytoplasmic form of energy. Glucose is taken in, and rapidly metabolized to pyruvate through cytoplasmic in the cytoplasm, and then the pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid or lactide, which is called lactic acid fermentation.

And this then could drive energy metabolism, and the processes that can emerge from this type of energy metabolism. But it’s a very inefficient form of energy generation, and it’s often associated with rapid proliferation.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, thank you very much. So, in very simple terms it seems like, basically what you’re saying is, as the mitochondria get damaged they stop functioning, and then the cell goes back to the original form of energy generation, and it’s as if the mitochondria weren’t there any more.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Well it’s not that they’re not there. They are there, and they can also participate in certain kinds of amino acid fermentations. They still play a role in generating energy and nutrients for the cell, but it’s not through the sophisticated aspect of energy generation through oxidative phosphoryation. That part of their function seems to be compromised, but other parts of their function can take place. But they’re not generating energy through what most cells would generate energy through, which is respiration or oxidative phosphorylation.

And I also want to point out, it’s not a complete shut down of oxidative phosphorylation. Tumor cells, depending on the grade, and how fast they grow, and how aggressive the tumor is. It is true that some very, very aggressive tumors have very few, if any, mitochondria. So these cells are primarily massive fermenters.

But some tumor cells still have some residual function of their respiration, and they grow much more slowly than those tumor cells that have no function, or very little function, of their respiration. So it’s a graded effect, but the bottom line is the cells continue to grow, but they’re dysregulated. Because the mitochondria do more than just provide efficient energy. They are the regulators of the differentiated state of the cell. They control the entire fiber network in the cell. They control the homeostatic state of that cell.

So these organelles play such an important role in maintaining energy efficiency. And when they become defective, the nuclear genome turns on these oncogenes, that are basically transcription factors that drive fermentation pathways. So the cells are able to survive, but they’re dysregulated.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, which becomes cancer.

So, in what ways are the mitochondria getting damaged. What is the context for this kind of damage that takes place today? Is this a modern phenomenon, because, obviously cancer has become a bigger and bigger target of medicine over the years, and, potentially, it’s been growing. I’d like to hear your view on that.

Is cancer something that’s always been around, or is it something that affects us more today, and how is it that the mitochondria are getting damaged?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah, what you said there is referred to as the Oncogenic Paradox, which has been discussed by Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, who received a Novel Prize for his work on Vitamin C and energy metabolism and these things, and John Cohn from England. These people had referred to this phenomenon as the called the Onogenic Paradox. How is it possible that so many disparate events in the environment could cause cancer through a common mechanism?

And when we think of what causes cancer, we think of carcinogens. And these are chemical compounds in the environment that are known to be linked to the formation of cancer. So there’s a whole array of these kinds of chemicals that we call carcinogens. Then there’s radiation can cause cancer. Hypoxia, the blocking of oxygen into cells, can be linked to the formation of cancer.

A common phenomenon and finding is inflammation. Chronic inflammation that leads to wounds that don’t heal. This is another provocative agent for the initiation of cancer. Rare germline mutations, such as the mutations in the BRCA1 gene that a lot of people hear about because of Angelina Jolie bringing attention to that area. Viruses, Hepatitis virus, papillomaviruses. And there’s a variety of viruses that can be linked to cancer. Age. The older people get, the greater the risk of cancer.

All these provocative agents all damage respiration. Their common link to the origin of cancer is damage to the mitochondria, and damage to the respiratory capacity of the cell. So the paradox is solved once people realize that these disparate, provocative agents work all through a common mechanism, which is basically damage to the cellular respiration.

Now, but people say, “Well what about all the genome mutations? What about all these mutations?” Which is a major focus in the field right now, is that cancer is a nuclear genetic disease. Now what happens is the integrity of the nucleus and the genetic stability of the nucleus becomes unstable once energy from respiration becomes defective.

Now it’s very interesting. All of the so-called provocative agents that are known to cause cancer through damage to respiration release these toxic reactive oxygen species, which then cause nuclear genetic mutations. And this is what most people are focusing on. The nuclear genetic mutations in the tumor cells are the targets and focal point of the majority of the cancer industry. Now, when you look at the disease as a mitochondrial metabolic disease, the nuclear genetic mutations arise as secondary downstream epiphenomena of damage to the respiration. So what most people are focusing on is the downstream effect, rather than the cause of the disease.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: You’re saying that because mitochondria are damaged and energy output is damaged, that causes the cell to lose it’s integrity?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Lose the genomic integrity.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Ah, genomic integrity.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah. Most people you talk to about this, they say “Oh, cancer’s a genetic disease. We’re trying to talk all these genetic mutations. Every kind of tumor has all kinds of mutations. We need personalized therapies because the mutations are different in all the different cells, and the different types of cancer.” And that’s true, but all of that is a downstream effect of the damage to the respiration.

So, people are focusing on red-herrings. They’re not focusing on the core issue of the problem, which is stabilized energy metabolism. And this underlies the reason for why we’re making so little progress in managing the disease.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So, I don’t know if you can break it down into a bit more detail. The mitochondria are made up of several parts: the outer membrane, the inner membrane, and so on. Is it certain parts, or is it any part of the mitochondria that’s getting damaged?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah, it’s very interesting. It seems to be we’ve defined the lipid abnormalities, the lipid components of the inner membrane of the mitochondria. So there’s certain types of lipids that are enriched primarily in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. This lipid called cardiolipin. It’s an ancient lipid that’s present in bacteria and in mitochondria, but it plays a very important role in maintaining the integrity of the inner membrane, which is ultimately the origin of our respiratory energy, which is that inner membrane.

And many of the proteins that participate in the electron transport chain depend, or are dependent under interaction in the lipid environment in which they sit. So, lipids can be changed dramatically from the environment, which then alter the function of the proteins of the electron transport chain, effecting the ability of that organelle now to generate energy.

This is a real issue, and that inner membrane can be effected by all these carcinogens, radiation, hypoxia, viruses. The viruses themselves, or the products of the virus, will enter into the mitochondria and take up residence, thereby altering the energy efficiency of the infected cell.

And most of the cells die. When you interfere with respiration, most cells die. But in some cells of our body that have the capacity to up-regulate fermentation, these primitive energy pathways, they survive, and they go on to become the cells of the tumor.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thank you for that. So, this is a very different theory to that which most people have come across, which, of course, you just outlined with the DNA mutations. Which bits of research have you pulled together in your book, and in your presentations, that you feel like present this view of the world the most strongly. Are there key research elements, researchers that have gone on, and maybe it comes down to four pieces that you feel strongly support this versus the other argument?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: I think that’s an extremely important point. What is the strongest evidence to support what I’ve just said? And what I did in my book in evaluating the therapeutic benefits that we’ve seen in managing cancer by targeting fermentation energy. How is it possible that we overlooked this information? It’s very interesting.

Over the last 50 years, various sporadic reports had been published in the literature showing that if the nucleus of the tumor cell is placed in a new cytoplasm, a cytoplasm that has normal mitochondria – and this is cytoplasm either from a newly fertilized egg, or an embryonic stem cell. Because now we have this technology where we can do these kinds of nuclear transplantations. And this ultimately was what lead to the cloning of Dolly the sheep, and these kinds of experiments. These had been done many, many years earlier in frogs, and in mice, before we moved on to the larger mammals and things like this.

But it became clear that when the nucleus of the tumor cell was placed into the normal cytoplasm, sometimes normal cells would form, and sometimes you could clone a frog, or a mouse, from the nucleus of the tumor cell. Now this was quite astonishing. Because people were thinking you would get cancer cells, because the mutations in the nucleus, if the hypothesis is correct that this is a nuclear genetic disease and the gene drivers are in the nucleus, then how is it possible that you could generate normal tissues without abnormal proliferation. In other words, normal, differentiated tissues from the nucleus of a tumor cell.

I was able to pull together a variety of these reports that had been sporadic in the literature over 50 years. And when these reports came out, it was considered kind of an oddball report that didn’t support the gene theory, but most people discounted it, because it was one singular report. But every four or five years, another report. Eight years would go by, another kind of report. And some of these studies were done by the leaders of the field, the key developmental biologists, the best there were. These people were heavy-weights in the field.

And they were coming to the same conclusions. That we were not getting tumors from transplanting the cancer nucleus into a normal cytoplasm. We were cloning mice, we were cloning frogs. We were seeing normal regulated cell grow. Now how can this happen, if the nucleus is supposed to be driving the disease?

So what I did was, I put all these reports together in a singular group. And I distilled it down to what the ultimate results showed. And then when you look at the whole group of papers, together for the first time, and the conclusions are consistent from one study to the other, using totally different organisms, totally different experimental systems, the results are all the same. The nuclear mutations are not driving the cancer disease.

And then if you take the normal nucleus and put it into a tumor cytoplasm, you either get tumor cells or dead cells. You never get normal cells. So this was clear. It became very clear to me, and when people look at these kinds of observations in their group and their totality, it’s a devastating statement on the nature of the disease. It’s not a nuclear genetic disease, it’s a mitochondrial metabolic disease. And the field has not yet come to grips with this new reality.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Just on that point, quickly, if you were to predict the future, do you think that this view of cancer metabolism is going to get traction in the near future? Say the next five years, next ten years, and what will it take to make that happen?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Well, it’s already gaining a lot of traction. People are now coming to realize that metabolism is a major aspect of cancer. But, unfortunately, what the field has done, there’s still links to the gene theory. So, the top papers come out and they say, “Oh, the abnormal metabolism in cancer cells is due to the nuclear gene mutations. Therefore, we still must be on the quest to find out what these mutations do.”

They have not evaluated in the depth of the information that I’ve presented. It becomes clear that this is not a nuclear genetic disease. So the mutations are not driving the disease, they’re the effects of the abnormal metabolism.

Now, there’s a groundswell of new interests in this. Now this opens up a totally different way to approach cancer. Once you realize it’s not a nuclear genetic disease, but it’s a mitochondrial metabolic disease, you have to then target those fuels that the tumor cell is using to stay alive. These amino acids and glucose, which can be fermented. Those molecules that can be fermented through these primitive pathways now become the focal point of stopping the disease.

So it becomes a much, much more manageable and approachable disease once you realize that if you take the fuel away from these tumor cells, they don’t survive. They become very indolent, they stop growing, they die. And now this gives you an opportunity to come in and target and destroy these cells, using more natural, non-toxic approaches.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. If you could reinforce that a little bit, because as I understand it, the current approach, which is pushed the most, is to target all of the different nuclear genetic mutations – and there’s many, many thousands of them, you can’t really count how many there are, because it’s constantly developing – versus, with mitochondria, as I understand it, mitochondria are all the same. So it’s a completely different problem when you look at it from that respective. Am I summarizing it correctly?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yes, I think you’re absolutely right. I mean, it’s a completely different problem. It now becomes a problem of energy metabolism. And the nucleus becomes a secondary peripheral issue.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. And the fact becomes much simpler, because you’re targeting the same problem versus thousands of different problems.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Absolutely.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And then therapy is… Today we’re developing thousands of hundreds of different drugs to target different types of cancer.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah, it makes no sense. And the issue is every single cell in the tumor suffers from the same metabolic problem. But every single cell in the tumor has a totally different genetic entity. And we’re focusing on the very different aspects of every cell, rather than the common aspects of every cell.

The problem becomes a much more solvable problem once you target the commonality. The common defect expressed in all cells, rather than the defects that are expressed in only a few of the cells. You would not do that until you came to the realization, and saw the data, that this is a disease of energy metabolism, not nuclear genetic defects. It’s a totally different way of viewing the disease.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. Thank you.

This may be kind of off subject for you, let me know if it is. But, I understand it, there’s also, more and more people are starting to link other types of diseases – say multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s, and some of the other chronic diseases that we have and are not very solvable today – to mitochondrial disease. So I’m wondering if in any way you link that to the same origin of cancer, here. That we’re discussing.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Well, those diseases, that’s true. There are mitochondrial abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, and Type 2 diabetes. I mean, you can go right down the list and find a mitochondrial connection to a lot of these different diseases. But the mitochondria can be damaged, and insufficient, and influenced in many different kinds of ways. So, only cells that can up-regulate, significantly up-regulate fermentation, can go on to form tumor cells.

But many of our cells are not killed outright, and they struggle. For example, the brain. We rarely get tumors of the neurons in the brain, because if you damage the respiration of the neuron, the neuron will die.

Many of the tumors in the brain come from the glial cells. These are supportive cells of the brain, they play an extremely important role in the homeostasis of brain function. But those cells have a greater capacity to ferment than do the neurons. So when mitochondria are damaged in neurons, the neurons usually die. You can never get a tumor cell from a dead cell.

Now Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, these are situations where populations of neurons die from reactive oxygen species. So these reactive oxygen species, which are produced by inefficient mitochondria, kill the cell. And the cells never form tumors, they just die. So you have populations of cells in the Substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease, or in the hippocampus in Alzheimer’s disease, where the neurons are dying. And they’re dying from mitochondrial energy inefficiencies.

And the idea then, is can we enhance neuronal function by using therapies that will strengthen mitochondrial function. And the answer is, yes. And this is why these ketogenic diets are showing therapeutic benefit for a variety of different ailments, a very broad range of ailments. But the diets and these approaches – what we can therapeutic ketosis – can enhance mitochondrial function for some conditions, and can kill tumor cells in other conditions.

So one now has to appreciate a new approach to managing a variety of diseases that may have a linkage through inefficient mitochondrial metabolism.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Could you talk about – we’re coming into treatment here a little bit now, based on your theory. There’s the difference between ketone, or like, fat versus glucose metabolism in the mitochondria. And you were just talking about efficiencies. Could you go over that? What is the difference there? Why is it that glucose metabolism is different that of fats and the production of ketones?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah, well the body is very flexible. It can burn energy from carbohydrates, which is glucose, or it can burn energy from fatty acids. Or it can burn energy from ketones. And we evolved as a species to survive for considerable periods of time without food. It’s amazing how people don’t understand this. They think if they don’t eat food in a week or less, they’re going to drop dead. This is nonsense.

We evolved as a species to function for long periods of time. As long as we have adequate fluids, water, the human body can sustain functionality for extended periods of time without eating. Now, you say to yourself, well where are we getting our energy. We evolved to store energy in the form of triglycerides, which are fat. And many of our organs store fats to various degree, and we have fat cells that store fat.

Now, when we stop eating, the fats are mobilized out of these storage vacuoles in the cells. And the fats go to the liver, and our liver breaks these fats down, like a wood chipper, to these small little ketone bodies, which now circulate through the bloodstream, and they can serve as an alternative fuel to glucose. So we can sustain, because the brain has a huge demand for glucose, but the human brain can transition to these fat breakdown products called ketone bodies.

So this all comes from storage fat, and our brains can get tremendous energy from these ketones. The energy in food comes from hydrogen carbon bonds that were produced during the production of the food. Ultimately from planets and the sunlight. But the energy in the bonds is ultimately derived from the energy of the sun. Now, our bodies break down these bonds, and recapture that energy. What we’re doing then is just recapturing this energy.

Now ketone bodies, when they’re burned in cells, they have a higher number of carbon oxygen bonds. They produce more intrinsic energy than does a glucose molecule, which is broken down to pyruvate, which is a glucose breakdown product. And when ketones are metabolized, they produce fewer of these reactive oxygen species. They work on the coenzyme Q couple within the mitochondria to produce clean energy, energy without breakdown products. It’s a very efficient form of energy.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: I like that analogy there, because people could relate to how we had lead gas before, and we cleaned it up a bit, and now we’ve got less waste products in the environment.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah!

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: It’s a little bit similar.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: It’s the same thing. I mean, our bodies are so super energy efficient when we begin to force them into a situation. In the past, this was done all the time, because in the past the humans almost were extinct a number of geological epochs, for the ice ages, lacks of food and all. And I mean, we have a very energy efficient machine in our bodies that can generate this energy from within. Clean, powerful, efficient energy that allows us to sustain our mental and physiological functions for extended periods of time.

And this comes from the genome. Our genome has a remembrance and a knowledge to do this. It evolved over millions of years to do this. The problem today is that this capability is suppressed by the large amounts of high energy foods that are in our environment. And what happens, this then creates inflammation and the kinds of conditions that allow inefficiencies, and eventually inflammation and the onset of cancer.

So, returning to the more primitive states allows our bodies to reheal themselves. And, as I said, here’s the issue. The nuclear genetic mutations that collect in these cancer cells prevent those cells from making the adaptations to these food restrictive conditions. So, because the mutations are there, the cells are no longer flexible. They can’t move from one energy state to the other, like the normal cells can, which have integrated genomes.

So, the mutations can be used to kill these tumor cells, but by forcing the body into these different energy states in a non-toxic way. It’s not necessary to have to poison people, nuke people, surgically mutilate people to make them healthy. There’s natural ways we can do this, if we understand the differences in metabolism between normal cells and cancer cells.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So, from your perspective, anything that would help to repair mitochondria, would that be helpful against cancer?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Oh, absolutely. Absolutely. You’re not going to get cancer in cells that have very healthy mitochondria. If mitochondrial damage is the origin of cancer, and the cells have very high efficient mitochondria, it’s very unlikely. The risk of developing cancer in those situations is remarkably low.

There are groups of people that we have in the United States, the Calorie Restriction Society of America. It exists in other areas throughout the world. These people have a very low incidence of cancer. They’re in a constant state of ketosis, and the incidence of cancer in these people is very, very low.

Now, I have to admit. This is not an easy lifestyle. People don’t want to be restricting themselves all the time, and doing this stuff. This is the issue. We live in an industrialized society that has come a long way to create an environment that is free of the massive kinds of starvations, and these things that existed in the past. So it’s hard to take your body and go back into these primitive states to do this kind of thing.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. So, there’s [unclear 31:58] a really big focus on what you’ve been saying on reactive oxygen species, which is kind of like the mini explosion that takes place inside a car when it’s running. And I think people can relate to the fact that all engines are causing damage while they’re running, because they’re producing heat, and so on.

So, with the mitochondria, it’s basically the same. And you’re saying that when we’re on a ketogenic diet, or where we’re fasting and we’re producing this more efficient type of fuel, it reduces our assets [unclear 32:23] causing less damage. And it’s an important type of the damage that is caused to mitochondria.

And this is why eventually it helps with the status of the mitochondria, to heal them and repair them, or to limit the additional damage that goes on which would help to promote the cancer. Is that a good summary, or have I got some things wrong?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: It’s a very close analogy. I would say this is exactly what it is. We damage our body by the kinds of foods we eat, the kinds of environments we’re exposed to. And the mitochondria in certain cells just get damaged, and these cells then revert back to a more primitive form of energy, which is fermentation, which then leads to a total dysregulation of the growth of the cell. Collects these mutations that come as a secondary downstream epiphenomena of this.

And the thing of it is is, how do you target and eliminate those kinds of cells. And cancer, people must realize, this is systemic disease, rather than a focal disease. People say, “Oh, what does he study? He’s a liver cancer, breast cancer.”

These cancers are all the same. They’re metabolically all the same. You need to treat cancer in a singular global systemic way, and this then will marginalize and reduce the growth of these cells. And you have to be able to do it non-toxically.

And these ketogenic diets, or therapeutic ketosis, is just one way to enhance the overall health and well-being of the body while targeting and eliminating these inefficient cells. And this can be done if people do it the right away.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. Thank you very much.

So, based on this theory, what kind of biomarkers would give us insights into someone’s potential to develop cancer? Because today we look at 23andMe data, for example, genetics to kind of asses our risks of future cancer. For instance, on mine it says my highest potential cancer is lung cancer. And that’s pretty much the only markers that we’re given. Are there markers related to mitochondrial function, or damage, that you would feel that would be relevant to estimating a future potential risk of cancer?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah, well I think one of the risks of cancer is high blood sugar, blood glucose levels. I mean this creates systemic inflammation, which underlies a lot of the so-called chronic diseases that we have, including heart disease, and Type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer. These are just the predominant number of chronic diseases that we’re confronted with.

So, if we know that high blood sugar is a provocative agent that increases the risk for cancer, then making sure your blood sugar levels are low. And the other thing too is elevation of ketones. So we developed what they call a glucose-keton index that can be used for people to prevent cancer, as well as managing the disease.

So if the glucose-ketone index, which we have defined as the ratio between the concentration of glucose in the blood to the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood. If this index can be maintained as close to 1.0 or below, the body is in a very high state of therapeutic energy efficiency. Which is then going to reduce the risk for all of these different kinds of chronic diseases. So, and if you look at most people with chronic disease, their index is about 50 or 100, rather than 1 or below 1.

We’ve just developed this, and we’re working on a paper. It’s called the Glucose-Ketone Index. It was designed basically for managing cancer, because patients who have cancer, if they want to know what these therapies are doing, how they’re working, you look at your index.

Now, people who don’t have cancer, who would like to do something to reduce their risk, they would do the same thing. And people would say, “What’s your index today?” “My index is 1.2.” You’re in a very good state of health.

And if most people – I can guarantee – people who eat regular foods, their indexes are about 60 or 70, not 1.2 below. Because what you do is when you have a lot of carbohydrate in your bloodstream, the ketones are very, very low. They’re like 0.2, 0.1. And you’re blood sugar is like 4 or 5 millimolar, and your blood ketones are 0.1 millimolar. Well what do you think your index is going to be? It’s going to be huge.

But then if you increase your ketones, if you can bring the ketones bodies up to the same level as glucose, then I have a 1.0.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Is this sensitive enough to manage potential? You made a very clear scenario of 60, where that’s a very dangerous situation to be in.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Oh no, no. I don’t want to say it’s dangerous. I want to say it’s the norm.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Oh, okay. Great.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: It’s not dangerous. When you take somebody who has Type 2 diabetes, and his blood sugar is like 300 milligrams per deciliter – and you have to divide that by the number 18 to bring it down to millimolar – and his ketones, you can’t even measure them. I mean, these guys are inflamed. Their bodies are in an inflamed state. And inflammation will cause all kinds of effects.

So, you want to bring people down. How do you get these low numbers? Well, you can either go on these calorie restrictive ketogenic diets, or you can do therapeutic fasting, which is water only fasting, for several days. You’ll bring those numbers right down. You’ll get into an extremely healthy state. Because the ketones go up naturally when you don’t eat, and blood sugar goes down naturally when you don’t eat.

So then you enter into these states, it’s called therapeutic ketosis. The problem is it’s very, very difficult for most people in our society to do this, because our brains are addicted to glucose. If you take somebody who stopped eating for 24, 36 hours, this guy thinks he’s going to go crazy. It’s almost like trying to break the addictions to cigarettes, alcohol, drugs. It’s not easy. It’s very, very difficult to break the glucose addiction.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Absolutely. It takes a little bit of time to change your metabolism.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So we spoke to Jimmy Moore before. I don’t know if you connected with him before, and his book…

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah, I know Jimmy.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, right. So we spoke about some of the different ways to measure ketones. We had the blood test, the blood-prick test with the precision, which is a little bit expensive today. And you have the breath test, the Ketonics, which has just come out. With that index, are you using the blood-prick test, or are you using maybe blood labs, or something a bit more complicated?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: There’s a couple of companies that use the blood test, the most accurate. It’s more accurate than the breath, blowing into a ketosis meter. Or you do urine sticks. So the most important measure, of course, is blood. So you have to take a blood stick. There’s only a few meters that can do both ketones and glucose, using the same meter.

You have to use different sticks. There’s a ketone stick, and a glucose stick. So from the same drop of blood, you can get your blood sugar, and then you can put a new stick into the machine, which is a ketone stick, and then you can take the same drop of blood and get your ketones.

Now what we did was we developed a calculator so that all the person would have to do is to push the button on the meter, and it would calculate already your glucose-ketone index. This would give you a singular number from a drop of blood.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So you’ve developed your own device, you’re saying, which does that calculation?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: We developed the calculation. It’s called the Ketone Index Calculator. And because you have to convert everything back to millimolar. Because many of the ketone meters give you blood sugar in milligrams per deciliter, and ketones in millimolar. So we have to convert. You can do all this by hand, you just have to do the divisions and all of this stuff.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So you’ve got an online calculator where people can put their values in and it will give them the index?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Well, we don’t have that yet. What we did was develop the calculator that could be incorporated into these meters.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: I see.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: This is the thing. So people, regardless of whether you’re a cancer patient and you want to manage your disease, or you’re a person who wants to prevent cancer, or you’re an athlete who wants to know what his physiological status is, or you’re someone who wants to lose weight. All of these issues, you can get a sense, a good solid biomarker sense, by looking at your glucose-ketone index.

And everybody can do that from these meters that are capable. But the meters right now are not designed to give you glucose-ketone indexes. And this is what we’re saying; it’s the index that will tell you your overall status, your health status.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. So I imagine, right now, you’re approaching the providers of these tools to see if they can incorporate this calculation into their devices?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yes. Exactly. They don’t have it yet. They’re not even aware yet of the potential market, or interests, among the general population. Not only for people that are afflicted with various diseases, but people who are healthy and don’t want to get those diseases.

So this is a very simple tool. The only drawback from it is you have to stick your finger with a little prick to get a little bit of a drop of blood. The people with Type 1 diabetes do this regularly. This is not an issue. But for those people who are into this, and they want to do it the right way, and they want to get accurate biomarker measurements, then they would do this. For those people who are interested in this.

This is invasive in the sense that you have to prick your finger to get a drop of blood, but it’s not invasive in the sense that you have to take tissue samples, or any of this kind of thing.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And so this is something that people could do on an on-going basis? So I’m guessing for someone with cancer – I don’t know if this would be something you would say – they’d probably want to look at daily, or every few days, or something like that. And someone else, maybe it’s just something they need to do a lot less intensive routine, in terms to just monitor the levels of their general ketogenesis.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yes. You’re absolutely right about this. People who are trying to manage their diseases thoroughly might want to do this maybe once or twice a day. Just like someone who might have Type 1 diabetes. They measure their blood sugar several times a day.

The issue right now is the glucose strips are relatively cheap – they’re like 50 cents a piece – but the ketone strips are much more expensive. They can range from anywhere from $2 to $5 a stick.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Do you know if that’s due to economies of scale? Or if it’s simply because not enough people are using them yet?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yes, it’s an economy of scale, absolutely. Because very few people measure their ketone levels. But now, linking those ketones to your overall general health, a lot of people would be interested in this.

And people in general like numbers. They want to know, and especially a singular number that would dictate your state of health. If you can say to somebody, “Listen. My index is between 1.1 and 0.9,” people would automatically know this guy is in a tremendous state of health.

People like to know that. You say, “Where is your number?” And people like to keep log books. They like to record these numbers. And they also link this to a greater sense of well-being. People who have their numbers down in these ranges, they tell me – and I’ve done it. Some people get into a state of euphoria. It’s like unbelievable.

When your body starts burning these ketones, it’s like you enter a new physiological state. And athletes are doing this sometimes. So it’s a whole new realm of how to monitor your own health with accurate biomarkers that give you an indication of your health status.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So do you follow a similar prescription to Jimmy Moore? I believe you understand his approach, where he’s eating a high fat diet, or sometimes he’s fasting. Kind of like intermittent fasting, which has become pretty popular these days.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Well intermittent fasting is, from what we’ve seen in our work, you don’t get the health benefits, the power of the health benefit, until you’ve gone three to four days without any food. Just drinking water. And then those who can go a week, like a seven day period, this is really when you start to see your blood sugars going down and your ketones going up.

But once you can get into this zone – we call it the zone of therapeutic management – where now you know your in the zone, this is where the health really comes in. And when you say periodic fasting, now there’s a lot of people that I know – numbers of people – who have a rather restrictive diet for the week, and then one day a week they’ll not eat anything. So, it’s one day off on food, like a 24 hour period where they’ll just have maybe a green tea, no calories, or just pure water.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Some of the intermittent fasting regimes propose that approach, a 24 hour fast every two days.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah, but then you’ve got to know, okay what did that do to my index? How effective was the 24 hour fast on my index? And you look down, you say, “Well, I didn’t get my ketones up very far. They went from 0.1 to say, 0.5.” Okay, but if I go four or five days, it goes from 0.1 to 3.0. Oh wow, this is the magnitude difference.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah. So have you looked at different people, because when we were talking to Jimmy, he was saying that different people have different responses. It’s based on their current state of metabolism. They’ll have to be more extreme in their approach to get the same level of ketones, and the same impact on an index, depending on, potentially, how damaged their mitochondria are. I don’t know how you look at it.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah, no, that’s a really important point. It’s certain people. It’s also certain sexes. Women can get into these ketone states much easier than men. And young people can get into these zones much, much easier than can older people.

So it’s an age issue, it’s a gender issue. We’ve seen some of our students get down their blood sugars down into the low 30s, which people would say would be a crisis situation, you’d have to go to the hospital. But their ketones are elevated, and when the ketones are elevated, you have no crisis situation. It’s only when you lower blood sugar and don’t elevate ketones that you have this situation.

Males have a lot more muscle, they tend to burn protein, which can be converted to glucose. So their blood glucose doesn’t go down as sharply as women, the blood glucose of females goes down. Females can get their blood sugars down and their ketones elevated – from all the data that we’ve seen for several years on different gender – and this is what we see.

And older people are simply locked into a much longer lifestyle of high glucose. And for them to get their blood sugar down, it’s a real struggle. And also their muscle mass over the age. They have a lot of other issues that play into this whole thing.

And you’re absolutely right, it’s an individual thing. Some people can’t tolerate this. They get really sick, they get light-headed. Where other people make the adaptations much more quickly. So again, people have to know their own physiology.

But they have to have the biomarkers that let them know. They need to see these numbers, and once they see these numbers they’ll know that they’re on the right path, and they probably can do this if they persist a little bit longer. Rather than throwing their hands up, not knowing what’s going on, being very frustrated. And as I said, once you have this information and knowledge, that these kinds of things become much easier.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah. It definitely helps with your confidence in something if you can see that, maybe you don’t feel better, or you don’t feel a difference yet, but if you see the numbers starting to move then it gives you that sense of accountability, and motivation also. I think that’s one of the very helpful aspects of these kind of indexes that you’re talking about.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Absolutely. This is a very important point, you’re absolutely right about this. Because when you see that you’re killing yourself, and nothing’s happening, or you don’t feel anything, but when you see numbers starting to change in the direction you know your hard work is starting to pay off. And then you get motivated, and you want to see then how far you can push these numbers.

Now this is not going to hurt anybody. You’re just lowering blood sugar and elevating ketones, and your body gets into a new state of health. And people feel it, believe me. You can feel this stuff happening. But there’s a rocky road going from the high glucose state to the high ketone state. And that rocky road can be more rocky for some than others.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Absolutely. So there are other aspects to mitochondrial health that certain people are looking at at the moment. I don’t know if you’ve come across any of these, but I thought I’d just throw them out in case you had some comments on them.

Some people are talking about mitochondrial repair, in terms of repairing the membranes with specific lipids, by providing those lipids to help reinforce the mitochondria. Other people talk about things like PQQ to help stimulate biogenesis of new mitochondria. I don’t know if you’ve heard about these things, or have any ideas or opinions on them.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Well, in my book I called it autolytic cannibalism. And this is basically, the mitochondria can either be rescued, enhanced, or consumed through an autophagy mechanism. And when you stop eating, now every cell in the body must operate at its maximal energy efficiency. That means that the mitochondria in those cells must be operational at their highest level of energetic efficiency. Otherwise the cell will die, and the molecules of that cell will be consumed, and redistributed to the rest of the body.

Now, in cells that have some mitochondria effective, or more efficient than other mitochondria within the same cell, the inefficient mitochondria can be incorporated into the lysosome. The parts of that mitochondria can then be redistributed to the healthy mitochondria within the cell. And this way you eliminate internal energy inefficiencies, but without having to kill the cell, because the cell is able to repair itself.

Whereas those cells that can’t repair themselves die, and their molecules are then consumed by macrophages, excreted back into the blood stream, and the nutrients now are used to support the health and vitality of those cells in the body that have this higher energy efficiency. It’s a remarkable state of efficiency. So it works both with individual cells, and throughout the whole entire physiological system.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. Thank you. I’m just thinking, you’ve spoken about fermentation versus respiration. Is there any way to measure that, that you know of? Is that being done in studies? So are the studies coming out are comparing the state of fermentation versus respiration taking place in people’s bodies, and correlating that to cancers, or anything like that?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah, that’s kind of hard to do, because we all have lactate in our bloodstream, and the lactate comes from erythrocytes, our blood cells. The blood cells have a shorter half-life than many of the other cells in our body, and those cells have no mitochondria. They have no nucleus. So they’re little cytoplasms that primarily ferment.

But they don’t use a lot of energy, because the role of that cell is simply to exchange gases. So it floats around in our tissues, it deposits it’s oxygen and picks up CO2, as more or less a little mailman running around, picking up this and dropping that off. And they have a shorter half-life. But they have lactate.

Now if you have a tumor, or if you’re under hypoxic stress, lactic acid will go up in your bloodstream. But it’s hard to know if a tumor will do that. Sometimes what tumors will do, they have a phenomena called cachexia. This is where the tumor cells will send out molecules that will digest proteins, or dissolve proteins in our muscles and other proteins. And these proteins then go to the liver, and are broken down into amino acids, and the amino acids are conjugated into glucose.

So the glucose goes now into the tumor cell, and some of the proteins and the amino acids go to the tumor cell after being broken down. So the tumor is essentially causing our body to starve to death. We might be eating, but it looks like we’re not gaining any weight, and we’re becoming moribund and looking like we’re starving to death. This is an effect of the tumor,.

Sometimes you don’t see that. Sometimes lactic acid will go up, and sometimes it won’t. So there’s a lot of ambiguity of looking at a good biomarker to assess the state of what level of tumor growth you might have, other than the fact that you’re losing weight even though you’re eating. Which is the cachexic state; you’re kind of wasting from within. This is the whole thing.

And this is one of the fears that the medical profession has with cancer patients, because they say these poor people are losing weight through this cachexic mechanism, and then you come along with a metabolic therapy, and they say, “Oh, this can’t work.” But the issue, of course, is that there’s two types of weight loss. One is a pathological weight loss, and the other is therapeutic weight loss.

Pathological weight loss is cachexia, and of course if you treat it with toxic chemicals and radiation, you get so sick with fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting. I mean, this is pathological weight loss. Therapeutic weight loss is you’re losing weight, but your body is getting extremely healthy, and killing cancer cells at the same time.

So weight loss can come in two different varieties: pathological and therapeutic. And people have a tremendous difficulty in understanding the differences between these kinds of weight loss.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: I think we’ve mentioned on a podcast before that when people are fasting in this state, they actually feel better, even if they have, for instance, chemotherapy. They tend to do better in chemotherapy when they have been fasting.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yes, because it reduces inflammation. We published a number of papers showing how therapeutic fasting reduces systemic inflammation. Systemic inflammation contributes to a pathological state, and facilitates tumor growth.

So therapeutic fasting, while at the same time you’re taking a toxic drug, it’s like what are you doing here. But it does take the sting out of that toxic drug. People feel better when they’re therapeutically fasting. I think Longo’s group down at University of Southern California has clearly shown that some of these cancer patients can do a lot better, and feel better, when they’re fasting while they’re taking chemotherapy.

But you’re absolutely right about that.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Thank you so much for this interview[unclear 53:08] Thomas. I want to ask you just a few more questions to round off now.

What do you think will happen in the next five or 10 years, or hope? What are your visions for this area, in terms of biomarkers, like testing devices, or change in the way we approach this? Do you think there’s specific opportunities ahead, are there specific questions you’re looking at at the moment to resolve, in research, or so on?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah, well I think the people themselves are demanding a change. The issue is that they haven’t been shown other alternatives, other than the standards of care, which are conducted by the major medical schools: Dana Farber Cancer Center, MD Anderson, John Hopkins, Yale Cancer Centers, Sloan Kettering, UCSF. The major industries of cancer and academics are closely aligned in how to do this.

And it’s not working. We’re having about 1,600 people a day are dying from cancer in this country. And the statistics in other countries in Europe, and China, and Japan, are not far off of this. And if we had Ebola outbreak in this country, where 1,600 people were dying a day, this would be of the greatest catastrophe that people can imagine.

But for cancer, it seems to be okay. This is the norm. Well it doesn’t have to be this way. It doesn’t have to be this way. And the issue here is that the people see that we have more, and more survivors, and people doing pretty well on these metabolic therapies. Why are we not doing this as more of a general treatment as opposed to these toxic approaches to manage the disease?

So I think the change will come from the grassroots. I don’t see it coming from the top medical schools, because these people are not trained. They’re medical education doesn’t give them the training to identify these approaches to therapy. It’s not part of the medical training.

There are a number of physicians that are recognizing this now, and they want to become part of this new approach to cancer management. Now, you have to realize that we’re just beginning. This is just a new field, it’s a beginning field. Even though the science is well, well established, the implementation of this science for patient health is just at the beginning. It can be refined, it can be modified.

A lot of this now we’re talking about, the potential for managing cancer in a non-toxic way with greater therapeutic efficacy, is just beginning. So, I think that we need more trained people. We have to have people that understand this. Eventually, these kinds of approaches will be more and more recognized, and more and more implemented in the overall society.

The problem is people have not yet found a way to make a large profit on this kind of an approach as you can with certain drugs, and immunotherapies, and these kinds of things. But that will probably come in time, once people understand what the best approaches and techniques are.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Another aspect I wanted is there’s more research being undertaken on mitochondria over time. Do you think that will help, in any way?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah, I think it will help a lot, like you said, with the lipids. And we’re looking into this ourselves. I think there’s ways that we can enhance mitochondrial energy efficiency through various diets and supplements, and things like this.

And there will be a real quantitative measures that can assess this, for people to recognize what works and what doesn’t. So I think it’s just that it’s an area that has been not well appreciated, and not well recognized.

And as long as people think that cancer is a nuclear genetic disease, the focus on the mitochondria hasn’t been there. People have known the importance of mitochondria, and it’s been a very major area of scientific research. But it’s not recognized as the solution to the problem. It’s kind of a side effect.

What we’re looking at is understanding mitochondrial functions, and it’s interaction with the nucleus and other parts of the cell to maintain a healthy cell – a healthy society of cells – and a healthy overall physiology. All linked to the mitochondrial energy metabolism. This is going to be a very exciting new development.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, I agree. There’s not a day that goes past that I don’t think about mitochondria these days. And hear someone talk about it. It happens a lot on this show, also.

If someone wants to learn more about your work, and this theory of cancer, and the index you were talking about, where should they go?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Well, I wrote the book On Cancer as a Metabolic Disease: On the Origin, Management, and Prevention of the Disease. That’s published by John Wiley Press. Unfortunately, it’s a science book and it’s not cheap, like you’d find most of the Amazon books, but it gives you the literature, it gives you the science. It gives you the hard evidence to support everything that I’ve said.

Another book that’s just appeared is Tripping Over the Truth: The Metabolic Theory of Cancer, by Travis Christofferson, who’s written a book for the layperson, where he actually read my book and went back to test all the things that I was saying, and actually talking and visiting and interviewing those scientists who work in the gene theory, and work in the metabolic theory, and get the word directly from them. It reads like a novel, and it’s much less scientifically intimidating than what I wrote.

I wrote this book to convince my peers, and people in the cancer and scientific field, the evidence that supports what I’m saying. This sometimes can be intimidating to the layperson. Whereas Travis went out and actually interviewed those scientists, and asked them the specific questions. And now it becomes a very intriguing story; I mean, how did this cancer thing get so far out of whack with what we know about it. People like to see this, and read it.

So that is another book that’s generating… If you go on Amazon, you’ll see the reviews. They’re all quite outstanding for Travis’ book. And I’ve been privy to a number of other books that will be coming out over the next year, which are harping on the same general theme, that cancer is a metabolic disease, and it can be beaten by metabolic solutions. Totally different than what’s been going on in the main focus.

And this is kind of shocking, because you go to the top cancer centers, and they don’t speak anything about this. They’re still talking about the standards of care as they have been done, or they’re talking about immunotherapies, which is the new buzzword for the cancer field, where you’re going to identify all the mutations, and then make anti-bodies to the defective proteins, and then treat people. And they show a few survivors on the cover of the Wall Street Journal saying how wonderful this works. But they don’t show you the other evidence showing how many people are dying from this.

All this will change, because the people in this society, the public, is going to be fed up with the lack of progress, and what we have is a new way to approach this problem based on solid scientific fact. It’s just that these facts are not well understood or recognized at this point.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. Thank you very much, and we’ll put all of this in the show notes, so people will find these links easy. Also the index you spoke about, I’m guessing there’s nothing really published about that. If people go to your website in the future, will you have something on there which will talk about that in more detail?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah. We have a paper that’s under review right now, where we’ve submitted a paper for the index, and we’re in the process of making some revisions on the index. And the index was, in this paper, was mostly focused on managing brain cancer, but we also noted that this index could have a broad applicability to a whole range of different diseases.

And in the Journal of Lipid Research, which is the top journal in the field of lipid biochemistry, I edited one of the issues that was entitled Ketone Strong: Emerging Evidence for the Role of Ketones and Calorie Restriction for the Management of a Broad Range of Diseases. So, more and more scientists are getting involved in this, and more and more information will be coming out. Both in the professional scientific journals as well as in the public interests articles in journals, and magazines, and radio shows.

More and more people will be coming to know this, and I think the field is going to have to deal with it. And I think in the long run, we’ll emerge into a new way to manage these chronic diseases with a lot less toxicity, and greater efficacy.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. Thank you. Now, just two more questions, personal questions for you.

What data metrics do you track for your own body on a routine basis, if any?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Well, basically I try to get on a scale and see how much I weigh. Obviously, if you can keep your body weight at a stable level for a period of time, this is certainly one way to maintain homeostasis.

I’ve done the three day fast, but as I said, when you’re older like myself, it’s very uncomfortable, but it’s certainly doable. It’s like training exercise. You’d have to do it probably a couple of times a year to get into the state. I think every time you do this, you become more confident in your ability to do it again.

There is a state of uncertainty and discomfort, like, “Oh my god, I’m not eating any food. How can I go, and I feel uncomfortable, and a little light-headed.” And you try to drink water to say, “Maybe I can fill my stomach up with water and I won’t feel as hungry.” And then you start getting water intoxication. And eventually you realize that you really don’t need to drink a lot of water, and you just have to bite the bullet.

But as I said, as we begin to do this, we realize that it’s not so life-threatening as everybody would think it would be. So I think I try to do that. But as I said to a lot of people, they said, “Oh, you must do this all the time.” No, I don’t do it all the time. But if I had cancer, I’d know exactly what I would do.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: What would you do? Just to speak it out clearly.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: I would stop eating.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Completely?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: I’d get my index down below 1, that’s for sure. And then I would transition off to these high-fat, nutritious kinds of diets, ketogenic diets, and maintain my index. And then of course, we’re investigating – it’s very hard to get funds to do this kind of stuff too, because it’s not considered sexy science – what is the best combinatorial therapy that would work with therapeutic fasting and ketogenic diets, that would put the greatest amount of pressure.

And most of it has to do with what kind of non-toxic drugs would you dovetail in with therapeutic fasting and ketogenic diets? And like hypobaric oxygen therapy, 2-deoxyglucose, 3-bromopyruvate, oxaloacetate. I mean, we can go down these lists. Most of these are non-patentable drugs, but they have tremendous power when used together with these other therapies. And most of this stuff is just trying to figure out the dosages, the timing.

These kinds of issues, it’s just like perfecting the engine. How did the car engine become so efficient today from the way it was in 1900?

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. So the things you just mentioned either stress the cancer cells specifically, like hypobaric oxygen, or they support the mitochondria, oxaloacetate, right?

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yes! Exactly. What you’re doing is you’re enhancing mitochondrial function in normal cells, and you’re putting maximal metabolic stress on the tumor cells. For the first time, we’re using our normal cells to directly combat and battle the cancer cells, while enhancing their health and efficiency.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So for someone who has, say we do a 23andMe test – like a lot of people on this podcast do their 23andMe test – and it comes out with some DNA, and it says, maybe you have a pretty high chance of cancer in your lifetime – and it could be lung cancer or whatever. Lung cancer’s not a good one, because often it’s smoking. So, one of the other more general ones, like breast cancer.

What would you basically say that they should be fasting once per month for three days, or twice per year for seven days, and maybe looking at those therapies you just outlined.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah. People who have Li-Fraumeni syndrome, which is an inherited germline mutation in the gene for P53 which encodes a protein in the electron transport train, or BRCA1. Product of the BRCA1 gene has been found in mitochondria. We look at a number of these so-called inherited genes that increase your risk for cancer. But as I told you, everything passes through the mitochondria The mitochondria are the origin of the disease.

So, the inherited mutations simply make that organelle slightly less efficient in certain cells of our body. Not all cells, but only certain cells, like the breast, the uterine, or these kinds of things. And we know that there are people, like if you inherit the BRCA1 mutation, your risk of cancer goes up significantly. But not everybody who has BRCA1 mutation develops cancer.

So clearly the environment can play a huge role in determining whether that gene will be expressed or not. You can do prophylactic removal of organs, and things like this, to reduce your risk. But it would be just as effective in my mind to transition the body to a metabolic state that would minimize the problem of that gene influencing the mitochondrial function. It seems a lot less draconian than doing these massive surgical mutilations.

Or you can do both. The idea is some of these inherited mutations, they might have a preferred organ – like a breast, or a uterus, or ovary – but you’re not going to remove all your organs. You’re not going to remove brain. You’re at a higher risk, so what can you do to lower your risk? As I said, if you keep your mitochondria healthy, the risk is going to be significantly reduced.

People need to know this so they can make choices that would be best suitable for them.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Thank you so much for the information today. This is really an information packed episode. It’s got this great new take on cancer, which I think is very positive, because it’s talking about something which people can have more control about. So it’s not just that this is a new approach, and the older approach has been struggling for quite a while, it’s become very expensive, and so on, with not so much success, but also that this is an approach which is within people’s own manners, sphere of management.

A lot easier to start having an impact on their own lives. So it’s very positive from that perspective also.

[Dr. Thomas Seyfried]: Yeah, I agree. Absolutely.

Leave a Reply

This week’s podcast is about the rising movement for quantifying our lives beyond just health and body. The Quantified Self  is about self-knowledge through self-tracking and extends our awareness about what’s happening in our lives, how we’re spending our time, and pretty much anything related to our daily living.

In 2007 Ernesto Ramirez joined with Wired Magazine’s Kevin Kelly and Gary Wolf to create this organization, made up predominantly of individuals with a passion for managing their lives. The society has grown from its San Francisco roots to about 90 groups meeting regularly worldwide. Many of the devices we talk about on this show have been supported by this movement, and some of the trendsetters in our community are themselves “Quantified Selfers”.

“…that gentleman just opened up his computer and said, ‘I’ve been tracking every day of my life for, like, the past three years in 15 minute increments.’ And that just… blew everyone away.”
– Ernesto Ramirez

Ernesto is the program director for The Quantified Self, as well as a research associate at the Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems at the University of California, San Diego where he’s done his PhD work. Today we speak with Ernesto in his role as program director and talk about The Quantified Self, where it’s going, and about the best practices for quantifying aspects of our biology and daily lives.

The show notes, biomarkers, and links to the apps, devices and labs and everything else mentioned are below. Enjoy the show and let me know what you think in the comments!

itunes quantified body

Show Notes

  • The roots of The Quantified Self (2:55)
  • The first meetings (4:50)
  • What are meetings about and what types of information are shared? (5:59)
  • “Show and tell” (8:12)
  • Personal “N = 1” experiments and personal self-tracking (9:10)
  • Gaining value from personal tracking (15:10)
  • Where is the movement now, and where is it going? (18:50)
  • The challenges of engaging with your personal data and the role of data visualization (19:15)
  • Data privacy in a quantified world (21:37)
  • Medical self-testing, value and drawbacks (24:40)
  • Accuracy and action-ability when using personal tracking devices (29:30)
  • What is the role of personal data collection in research and healthcare (35:21)
  • Best practices for Quantifying the Self (41:58)
  • What is the future of self quantification? (44:12)
  • How to get started in self quantification (46:00)
  • Useful resources in self quantifying (49:42)
  • Your most important recommendations for people (51:18)
  • What data metrics do you personally track? (53:30)
  • What have been your biggest insights from Self Quantifying? (54:20)

Thank Ernesto Ramirez on Twitter for this interview.
Click Here to let him know you enjoyed the show!

The Quantified Self & Ernesto Ramirez

Biomarkers/Tracked Data Points

  • Running schedule and physical activity: Ernesto finds the most important aspect to his daily life quality is how much he moves. He uses a number of tools such as a FitBit and his phone to monitor his running schedule and other activity. His phone keeps track of his heart rate and Geolocation, to give him a better idea of the effectiveness of his workouts and how they affect his life.
  • Weight: Monitoring his weight allows Ernesto to keep an eye on his health and determine when he’s not getting enough time on his feet. He doesn’t check it daily, but keeps a running idea of its fluctuations.

Lab Tests, Devices and Apps

  • FitBit: Ernesto uses his FitBit to track his running schedule and activity. FitBit have a range of activity tracking devices, and are one of the larger and more popular manufacturers of activity tracking devices in 2015.
  • SuperMemo: A website and software devoted to improving memory, self-growth, creativity, time-management, and speed-learning. It’s based on the concept of spaced repetition – which improves retention by repeating new ideas at an ever-increasing interval based on the average time to forget learned material.

Other People, Resources and Books

    People

  • Kevin Kelly: Wired magazine’s founding editor and The Quantified Self co-founder. His official web page can be found here.
  • Gary Wolf is a contributing editor at Wired and co-founder of The Quantified Self. He’s the author of “The Curse of Xanadu” about Ted Nelson and Project Xanadu, and “The World According to Woz” about Steve Wozniak. His TED talk about The Quantified Self can be found here.
  • Organizations

  • The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a program of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States.
  • Databetes was founded by Doug Kanter, a patient with type-1 diabetes. Doug is a graduate of NYU’s ITP where he studied data visualization and interaction design. Previously Doug worked as a photographer in New York City and Beijing, China. He’s run a few marathons and is pretty intrigued by Quantified Self.
  • Asian Efficiency: Damien mentioned that a friend Aaron who runs this site, tracked every minute of his day for a year to optimize his schedule and how much time he put into each activity from work to social to sleep and everything else.

Full Interview Transcript

Transcript - Click Here to Read

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Ernesto, thank you so much for joining us today.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: No problem, glad to be here.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. Well, I wanted to jump straight into it. You’re from the Quantified Self. Welcome Quantified Self to the Quantified Body. You guys have pretty much started this. When did you start the Quantified Movement? When did QS come about?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Sure. So Quantified Self came about out of a collaboration between Gary Wolf and Kevin Kelly. Both had been working at Wired magazine for quite a long time, and late 2007, early 2008, they were looking at what was – what were kind of the new things.

Obviously, personal computing had come about. Like the reason Wired was started was – had been here. Now, at that point, people are walking around with iPhones, and they realized that computing was getting a lot closer to individuals’ bodies. People were able to now use computing in ways to ask very personal questions about themselves. So they started to meet up, and people came in and started talking about how they were tracking different things about their lives, and we’ve kind of just been rolling ever since.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That’s great, right. I think a lot of people have heard of Gary and Kevin, but could you give a quick background on why these two people came together at that time? What were their backgrounds to kind of start all of this?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Yeah, so Kevin Kelly was one of the founding editors of Wired magazine, but he’s been involved in lots of different projects around how people use different tools, objects and technologies. I mean, he’s been a thinker on technology for quite a long time. You know, he was around Stewart Brand and the whole Earth Catalogue, and then transitioned into Wired magazine.

Gary is a journalist focusing primarily on technology, and so they were – they both kind of just used their mutual interests to brainstorm on what was next, you know, and that’s what they came up with was Quantified Self, QS.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, that’s great. And, of course, QS is pretty much all over the world now, and we can talk a little bit about that as we go on and how people can participate. But back there in the first meeting, I think you had, like, eight people. It was a very small meeting. I think Tim Ferriss was one of the guys who turned up to the first meetings. Do you know how many people turned up to that first meeting?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: I think they said somewhere around 25 or 30. That was before my time.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: I only got involved in about 2010, but it was a really interesting meeting because they didn’t really have an agenda. It didn’t look at all like what it looks like now, and then they really didn’t know what was going to happen. They thought, okay, people that are interested in this stuff will kind of just come and talk to us, and we’ll just have like a chat.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: And then someone came in late, and because they came in late, Kevin Kelly just said, you know, ‘You have to talk first. You have to tell us about what you’re doing, why you’re here, what you’re interested in.’ And that gentleman just opened up his computer and said, ‘I’ve been tracking every day of my life for like the past three years in 15 minute increments.’

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Wow.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: And that just, like, blew everyone away. And from there, we’ve kind of built on top of that mentality where people come and actually show the things that they’re doing in their own lives. You know, the tools they’re using, what they’re learning from self-tracking, and how they’re experiencing this new idea of Quantified Self.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, yeah. Well, let’s get people an idea of what’s going on at the moment. So basically there are groups all around the world meeting in different cities all around the world. How is a meeting structured? What goes on in a meeting?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Yeah, so right now we have about 110 groups in a little over 30 countries around the world, and all of them have a little bit different structure. We don’t kind of force anything on them. They’re all volunteer groups that are meeting.

But what we try to do is have people come together to share their own personal stories. So rather than people standing up and talking about, oh, you should do this thing, or you should use this tool, it’s very much a first-person narrative where an individual will come in and say, ‘This is a thing that I’ve done, I’ve used this tool or this system or this application in this new and interesting way, and these are the things I’m learning about myself.’

That spans, like, all different types of self-tracking technologies and experimentations and projects, all the way from – we’ve had a lot of individuals with chronic diseases, people with type 1 diabetes saying, ‘This is what I’m learning from tracking my blood glucose and my diet in this really interesting way,’ or, ‘This is what I’m learning from tracking the dates I go on,’ to my pets, to all sorts of different stuff.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: I think that’s one of the things that strikes you when you go to a Quantified meeting. Here at the Quantified Body, we tend to focus on health, longevity, things about the body, which can be related a bit to medical or performance or longevity, these kind of things. But Quantified Self is a lot broader. You can go to a meeting and you can hear, like you said, about someone’s dating life and how they’ve managed to track that over time and quantify it in whatever way.

So, I think the big difference people should get the idea of here is that it’s absolutely quantifying any aspect of your life that is interesting to you. And for that reason, when you go to a meeting, you really don’t know what is going to come up. I think the conference really displays that quite well, because you have many, many what we call show-and-tells. So if you could explain to people a little bit about what a show-and-tell is?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Sure. It’s where we have those individuals come and actually talk about what they’re doing. We call it the show-and-tell because it’s very much like kindergarten. You get up in front of the room and you say, ‘This is what I’ve done. This is what I’m bringing to everyone.’

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: And we ask presenters to really answer three simple questions, which is: What did you do? How did you do it? What did you learn? And all the time, keeping that kind of first-person narrative perspective, where it’s really about their experiences, the visualizations they made, the data analysis they’ve done, the process they’ve done to gather data, and what conclusions they’ve come up with through that entire data gathering experience.

And if you think about it, one of the fun things is that those three questions – ‘What did you do?’, ‘How did you do it?’, and ‘What did you learn?’ are really a simple, simple way to think about the scientific method. The scientific method is a little bit broader, but if you bring it really – if you kind of just simplify that and bring it down to the individual level, that’s what we’re trying to do.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah. Another term we often come across today is ‘N=1 experiments.’ Would you say there are a lot of people also doing kind of N=1 experiments? Because it’s basically – there’s tracking, just recording – and then there’s, like, I’m going to change something and see what happens. So are both of those things covered in QS naturally, or how does that work?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Oh, totally. So you have a lot of people engaging with self-tracking. You know, the broad spectrum of things that could be called self-tracking for a variety of different reasons. One you mentioned – a few of them you did mention.

One is just kind of data gathering, just for the purpose of data gathering. You know, a lot of people wear smart pedometers, like a Fitbit or Jawbone Up or a Nike FuelBand, without any real purpose other than they want to just understand and keep track of this data. And then there’s the individual, like you’re saying, that do these kind of N=1 experiments. And even within those experiments, there’s a huge range of kind of how meticulous and detailed people get.

Some people just say, ‘You know what? I want to see if going on a more plant-based diet is going to reduce my weight and improve my blood cholesterol levels.’ And they’ll just kind of track the things they’re eating. They’ll track their weight. They might do a blood test or something, and then there’s other people that are just super-meticulous about setting up a very programmed experimentation or experimental protocol. Those are always a lot of fun to watch, to see people get very scientific about the things that they care about.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. I’ve seen many of these things where it’s actually made a huge impact on people’s lives. Right? That’s some of the astounding things. I remember the first one I went to in London, and there was a presentation from a guy who had suffered from depression for most of his life, and he simply set up a way of quantifying and communicating that to all of his friends.

So I think there’s sometimes a social aspect – you can potentially speak a lot more about this than me – and simply by doing that, he found that his rate of depression dropped, and he was basically happier every day just through this exercise of tracking and letting all of his friends see how depressed or how not depressed he was. Obviously, that completely revolutionized his life, because he didn’t feel depressed most of the time anymore. So I’ve seen some, you know, huge changes, and weight loss is very obvious. What are some of the most exciting changes you’ve seen people get out from the Quantified Self?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Yeah, so there’s a bunch. One of my favorites – there’s a gentleman in New York. He’s given a talk a few times, actually, in New York at their MeetUp, and I think he also gave a talk at our last conference in 2013 – our last U.S.-based conference.

His name is Doug Kantor. He’s a type 1 diabetic. He’s been on an insulin pump for quite a long time, and now is on a continuous glucose measurement system, so rather than doing, like, the finger prick, he has an implanted device that can continually measure his blood glucose.

As part of one of his graduate design projects in New York, he developed a system to gather all of that data, so he was gathering his insulin, his blood glucose, and then also his meals and his physical activity. He was primarily a runner. And he tells this really interesting story about bringing all of that data in and being able to see all this information and kind of how it all connects. Led to the healthiest year of his life when you look at it from a diabetic perspective.

So, you know, that’s A1c, which is their primary measure, so which is how well they can metabolize blood glucose. And it really tells this, like, interesting thing. Plus, his visualizations, that’s primarily what he was doing in graduate school was working on design, are just astounding. You can definitely see what happens to him over the course of a year through his wonderful visualizations, which – if your listeners want to look online – I believe his website is called Databetes.

I mean, that’s a really interesting one. And we’ve seen a bunch, like you were saying, the gentleman that was tracking his mood, that seems to be a really, really interesting one as well. One of the most interesting and fun ones that you wouldn’t think would be in Quantified Self, but is, is there’s an individual who actually does some work with us, but lives in Portland named Steven Jonas, and he’s really interested in memory and being able to remember things, and he uses a system called Space Repetition and a program called Super Memo. He’s given two talks recently about how he’s using Space Repetition to try and remember every day of his life.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Wow.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: So every day he creates a card, basically these are like intelligent flash cards that say these are the important things that happened today, and quizzes himself to see if he can remember what days those were.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That’s really interesting. I mean, that’s something very unique, as well. I think that’s the amazing thing about QS. No matter what you’re interested in, you can go there and you can get feedback from other people to potentially improve what you’re doing. Like with these show-and-tells, there’s a lot of questions, of course, that come from the audience once you’ve finished your show-and-tell.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Yeah, I think you’re right. I mean, and that’s one of the interesting things. Like, a lot of people would say – you would think that we would focus just on health, or just on weight loss and physical activity, since those are like the primary things that people do when they engage with these self-tracking tools and applications and devices.

But what we’ve found is that when people go up and talk about their super personal experiences, whether it’s individual tracking his – we had one in San Francisco tracking his blood coagulation levels, because he is on blood thinners. Or it’s someone talking about how they track their heart rate variability, because they want to understand their stress. Even though you may not be interested in that particular topic, the process that they go through and the things that they do might inspire you to try something in your own life around the ideas that you’re interested in, like, who knows, tracking how much you drive your car.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, because I think there’s this whole – I mean, there’s scientific relevance in terms of how you’re tracking, is it controlled and things. And I found, because I led the Bangkok QS session, most – like the questions that come out, it’s about the quality of the data, if we can trust it. You know, these kinds of things come up. And if you’re doing an experiment, is it well controlled? Can we believe in the results? These kinds of questions often come up, and it helps us to – and, of course, this could apply to anything that you’re tracking. It’s obviously a lot of the time it’s the same kinds of questions. Okay, how useful is this data?

And also, I found that people often share their own experiences from that kind of aspect of their life, and they get new ideas. So one time we had one of my friends, he has a website called asianefficiency.com, and he tracks all of his time, all of his time he puts into categories, no matter what he’s doing. When he’s sleeping, it’s categorized as sleeping. And he’s done this experiment for, I think it was about a year.

So he brought all his data, which basically showed what he’d been doing with his life for about a year, and it was really interesting for a lot of people, because, like, oh, that’s interesting. How much time you spend preparing meals, or how much time you spend walking or commuting, and it can be quite shocking to some people when they start to think about, well, maybe I’m spending too much time commuting in my life and stuff.

So I found that a really interesting one, and obviously everyone had something to say about that. And for most of the show-and-tells, I would say, it is things that relate to anyone, and you’ll go and you’ll – and these are aspects of your life maybe you don’t look so closely at, but most of the time it’s something you can relate to and learn from yourself, also.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Yeah, and, I mean, a lot of times, like what you’re describing here with this individual that tracks time, which is also a super, very, very popular topic. It’s really interesting to kind of see how people actually engage with their time tracking in different ways. Whether they just let their machines track their time for them, or they do it all themselves and set up really fancy Excel spreadsheets to do it.

What is interesting is that a lot of times when someone gets up and says, ‘I’m doing this thing,’ There are a lot of times that people will say, ‘You know what? I was interested in that, too,’ or, ‘I’ve always been thinking about it.’ Like you were saying, I was wondering how much time I spend commuting. This is someone who has actually done something, and now I can take this lesson. If I want to apply it to my own life, I can take their lessons that they are learning and try to do that in my own life, or reformat it into a different way that might work for me.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, right. Well, I can tell you, once I had seen my friend’s data, I was inspired to track my life for a few moments every hour, and I got a lot out of it as a consequence. So I think what we’re touching on here is QS helps motivate, inspire people. The fact that people can get together and talk about quantification.

So, for someone who perhaps – they’d like to do experiments on their life, they’d like to potentially improve upon their life which they have been having trouble with before, or maybe they are just interested in understanding something better, I think QS is a great place to go to, because they’ll be other people, and it kind of provides you this motivation, this support network following through, is that – whereas most people maybe find it harder to get started. And there’s a lot of people who know a lot about the devices, and there’s a lot of people generally in those groups who know a lot about the kinds of devices that are out there. And so it’s a great group, also, to swap ideas on things.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Oh, yeah. I mean, the number of individuals around the world that engage with their own Quantified Self MeetUps, they organize them, or they come to our conferences, or they just engage with us on our forum on our website is astounding. And the amount of help that people get, people are asking questions all the time. ‘What device can I use to track this thing?’ Or ‘I’ve been thinking about doing this.’ ‘My physician said I should try tracking this to help me with this condition or that condition.’ It’s amazing. It’s always great to see. It’s one of the reasons we love doing this.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, absolutely. Another thing I wanted to really touch on is where have you seen the movement come from, and where is it today in terms of making progress? What have we learned so far about tracking data on ourselves from QS? What are the kinds of biggest achievements to date? Is there anything that you’ve changed about the way you’re going QS to help people get more out of it, get more out of tracking in general?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Well, I think one of the things that we’re learning is that people definitely want to engage with their data, and that’s not always easy. And so one of the things that we’ve been doing and one of our core pieces of our current work and future work over the next few years is going to be really tackling this issue of data access. So if you use a device or an application that you’re contributing data to, so it’s tracking your physical activity or your location or doing something where you’re contributing pieces of information that are about you, and this happens a lot in the medical setting. You know, like that individual that has to wear a glucose meter. They are contributing their own personal data.

In many cases, getting that data out, controlling it, being able to access it – even in some cases having ownership of it is tricky, and it’s not a very clear, like, consensus across the board whether or not people should have ownership, whether they should have control, whether they should have access. All of these are like three different concepts that kind of always get talked about in each other or around each other.
And that’s one of things that we’re really focused on is improving the amount of access that people have from their data. Right now, we’re really early on, but it’s something that we’re really, really passionate about. Because one of the things that we’ve seen through a lot of these show-and-tells and through our conferences is that when people actually get access to their data, they can export their data, put it into a CSV spreadsheet, you know, use an API connection to plug it into a different tool, they can do astounding things with it. They can learn really, really important stuff, whether it’s just through a visualization or some kind of analytics tool. So that’s one of the things that we’re definitely seeing.

The other is, I think – just kind of piggybacking on that one – is the role of data visualization and storytelling in this. Visualizations don’t always have to be super scientific, and I think they can tell a really, really interesting story around people’s data. The issue is that it’s kind of hard to make them. You know, unless you’re really, really good at Excel or you’re a decent software developer that can handle JavaScript or Python, it’s hard to really make compelling visualizations that tell the stories that you want to tell or that can help you understand your data in that new and different way. So that’s something that we’re keeping an eye out for.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That’s interesting, because I think the first one you talked about, – access – it’s kind of like knocking its head with privacy. If we look at the world to date, information has been pretty private. If we look at medical information, for instance, it’s tucked in some doctor’s drawer, and even the patient doesn’t realize he can have access to that information a lot and even take it home.

So there’s kind of the health area, and I think also, like, financials and all of these different aspects of our lives. And it is an interesting topic, how much do we want other people to have access to it, how easy is it to get access to our own information. I think, obviously, the first one is it would be nice if everyone had ownership of their own information, to start with, and be able to decide what privacy limitations are on that, in an ideal future world. Are these some of the topics you’re struggling with and looking at?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Definitely. So, across the board, we’re really interested. I mean, privacy, data access and data ownership, they’re all kind of like prongs in this really big conversation, which is what is the role of personal data in our lives? What should we be able to do with it? So all the way from – you see there’s a lot of work now in, like you were saying, the health records space. Like should you have access to the health records?

Like if you get a lab test at your physician’s office, should you have immediate access to that information? What does that mean? Actually, there’s some really interesting programs going on in the United States where if you go to see a physician, when you’re talking to them, you’re having a conversation, they’re writing on their laptop or their desktop computer, they’re writing notes in your file. Should you be able to read those notes? For a long time, those were just kind of in your medical record and you never got to see them unless you specifically asked for them, and then in some cases you have to pay for that access and lots of weird stuff. Now there’s projects opening those up, so people could have conversations about those notes, which are pieces of data about that interaction.

And then there’s a lot of information around data privacy, as well, so should a company – like say you are wearing a Fitbit. Should Fitbit be able to make aggregated charts and graphs about your physical activity to share with, kind of like, readers of their Fitbit blog? You know, maybe not your specific, but a group of people, and what does that mean? Is that going against data privacy or not? There’s a lot of unanswered questions.

And I don’t think there’s a lot of – there’s not going to be any definitive answer. I don’t think anyone’s going to just say, okay, we’re going to turn the key now and now everyone has complete ownership over their own data, and they have to authorize every single person in the room, whoever wants to look at something. Nothing so far has really shown that that’s going to occur, because data has some inherent value for a lot of these companies that you’re engaging with. But there are really interesting conversations around, like, what does mean and who actually should be able to work with this data, and how easy should it be for the individuals that create it to use it and have access to it so they can do whatever they’d like.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah. These questions definitely need to be tackled. Like you said, it’s kind of up in the air. There’s a lot more self-testing in the health area being made available to us now. Increasingly over time, but of course, that’s kind of knocking heads with regulation, and physicians, how comfortable they feel with that based on the complexity of tests, if people can understand them and interpret them properly. There’s lots and lots of questions in the health area about that. I don’t think it’s going to get resolved any time soon.

But in the meantime, it seems like access to testing is steadily coming on line anyway, whether we’re ready for it or not from that perspective. So it will be interesting – I guess, like, QS is going to be tackling those issues. Because, I mean, what happens in QS is like whatever is going on tends to come up and be talked about in QS, since it’s basically the home of everything that’s being discussed in quantification in the moment, right?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Yeah. You know, this is something interesting. Someone – we’re hosting another – what we call our global conference, the large conference in the United States, in June of next year.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Which city is that in?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: So, yeah, in 2015, we’re hosting the Quantified Self Global Conference, which we call QS15. It’s actually going to be a three-day conference. It’s a conference and expo. I can talk about it a little bit, if you want. We can talk about our overall program.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: It’s in San Francisco, right?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: In San Francisco, correct.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: So someone was talking about this idea of privacy and ownership, specifically around home testing. So, you know, in the United States we have the FDA, which has to approve medical tests. And there’s a big push from a lot of companies in the startup space saying, like, we can have people do medical testing at home. All the way from testing your blood for vitamin D levels to testing urinary fluid to see about – to track blood glucose and other different things.

And this big push, because people want to be able to do this stuff on their own, just in the same way that people wanted to measure their blood pressure at home a long time ago. They realized that just getting your blood pressure measured, you know, twice a year in the doctor’s office doesn’t really give you a good look at what blood pressure is for you. The same way, you know, that getting your blood tested once a year or once every few years if there’s only an issue, doesn’t really tell you the whole story.

And so there’s like a big push right now, and we’re closely following it, because, obviously, that’s a whole new area, a way for people to learn about their lives, being able to actually gather data that heretofore has been just kind of siloed in the medical establishment, and bringing that to the individuals.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: But if we open that – I mean, there’s a huge potential in terms of – a big problem doctors have today is compliance with whatever protocol or treatment they’ve applied to people. But, you know, a feedback system. Feedback is incredibly valuable. If you tell someone that – well, look at glucose management, right?

So if you tell them that currently their fasting glucose in the morning is 100, and it really needs to be down in the low 90s, and they have some convenient way of doing that at home, say it’s uploaded to a system that’s shared with the doctor, if they are given that reading in their face every morning, they’re like, uh-oh, I’m not making progress here, and I’ve got my doctor’s appointment coming up next month. I think there’s incredible accountability and motivation aspect from that perspective to be, like, okay, I’ve got to get back on this treatment protocol that my doctor gave me last visit.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Exactly. You know, there is that – there is the motivational aspect. There’s – I mean, the individual’s ability to learn about themselves, but there’s also the ability to understand – you know, if you really take the medical example as the leading example here – understanding treatment and outcomes at a very personal level.

So rather than a doctor saying, hey, go use this thing – use this blood pressure medication for 6 weeks, and then come back to me, and then we’ll measure your blood pressure again and we’ll see how it’s working. Rather than waiting that entire time, you can maybe get a faster feedback system so you can say, ‘This one is really working for me. I’ve already seen my blood pressure go down. I’ve been taking it once in the morning, once in the evening, by myself, in my home, using the protocol that you set up.’ Or, ‘This one is definitely not working. We need to use a different kind of medication.’ So rather than just saying, here’s what works, now we can start to ask what actually works for me as an individual.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, absolutely. There’s many, many devices, as you’ve eluded to. There are startups – there’s a lot of investment in this area right now in terms of startups, where it comes to health testing, fitness tracking, all sorts of aspects of this. And social media kind of like sharing of data and these kinds of things, and aggregating data. So in terms of the state of devices available today, are there any challenges faced with people using these and getting a value from these? Because I’ve bought many tracking devices, and I have to say, so far, I think the main complaint is people don’t find that a lot of data is very actionable when it comes down to it.

And I think sometimes it comes down to – there’s the other concern of accuracy. Many of the devices, it’s kind of nascent. If you look at, for instance, a lot of the watches, the fitness trackers and all of these kinds of things which are tracking, in a very convenient way, because you’re just wearing this piece of technology which is going to quantify different aspects of your movement and things going on each day. But when – like some of the studies I’ve seen where people have compared these devices with each other, well, they don’t really measure up to each other, right? They got different results. So there’s a concern of accuracy there which has come up.

So I think that leads into the actionability, also, of what we are doing. And also like the selection of measures and what the device companies are doing. So I’m just interested in your perspective on what’s going on out there, and what the biggest challenges are to reinforce that movement. If we are going to see an explosion of devices over the next years because they did become so valuable to our lives, what would need to change?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Yeah. I think regardless of whether we want it or not, we are going to see an explosion of devices.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: The investment’s there.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Yeah. There’s a lot of – yeah, there’s a lot of money there that people are kind of pouring into the system. Sensors are becoming cheaper. Battery life is improving. The technical capacity of computing to track things and make sense of objects and behaviors and information is improving. I mean, that’s just kind of the state of technology as a whole. It’s just kind of on this upwards trend, and it’s always improving. Data science is getting better. Algorithms are getting better.

I think one of the issues around this kind of accuracy idea is in some cases the over-promising of what a device can do and what it can understand, and individuals – what they really, actually need. So I always like to have the more philosophical conversation around, like, accuracy versus truth and that that actually means for an individual. Does your Fitbit or Jawbone UP need to know down to the exact number of steps? Like, does it matter if it says 10,412 versus 10,512?

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And also this is a relative thing. If it’s wrong the same amount every day, well, you can still use it for motivation, like a lot of things.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Yeah. I mean, if you have systematic error, random error, it really matters. But in most cases, a lot of this stuff is just kind of systematic bias. It’s always going to be wrong at this certain level. But if your scale is always wrong 5 pounds heavy in the morning, it doesn’t really matter, as long as you use the same scale.

But in some cases – a lot of the issue, though, around this accuracy is tied to the medical system. Because a lot of people want to push the data that they’re collecting into some sort of health record, or have it coordinated with their care so that people can understand this data in relation to their health outcomes.

And so now there’s a bigger push to take the data from these devices, figure out if they are accurate, and then put them in kind of a clinical model so they can be looked at in the health records. And I think that’s something that is coming quickly. We are already seeing that happen with – Apple made a big push for this with Health Kit. So they took devices, and they took data formats, and they said, okay, these are the exact formats that we can use, and now they’re being pushed into electronic medical records, I think at, like, Duke Hospital and a few other different hospital systems.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Wow, wow. So could you just talk a little about that? Basically Apple has done some work to standardize a number of measures that they’re going to be –

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Yeah. Rather than saying, like, we trust you as a device maker. So let’s say there’s like seven different digital scales that are out there. Rather than saying, ‘These are the four that we think are accurate,’ they are saying, ‘If you want to integrate with our Health Kit system, you have to report this data format, this data feature.’ Which is weight in a specific way that we know is clinically understandable.

So if you’re going to say what blood glucose is, it has to be in – I think it’s in millimoles. You have to report it in the specific data format so that it can be understandable at a clinical level. The accuracy part is kind of left up to the people that take in that data, because one of the things – this is kind of a more technical conversation how Health Kit works, but basically someone who says –

Say a doctor says they want to look at my Health Kit data, and they want to look at the amount of miles I run each week, and if I connect, like, three different running apps, they can say, well, I trust RunKeeper, but not Strava. So I only will take runs that are reported with RunKeeper, for whatever reason. That’s a completely arbitrary example. Both I think are fine apps.

So that is something that is definitely coming on board, which is – it kind of relates to our conversation earlier, which is this kind of personalized medical testing, is that there’s a lot of push to get the entire breadth of someone’s life, their behaviors that they do outside of a clinical or medical setting, and bring that understanding into the medical field, so that people can create better care plans. They can understand cause and effect at a better level.

And it’s still very nascent. You know, this is still very early on. But there’s entire work on this which is people who are wanting to say let’s track from your genome to your weight to your diet to your physical activity. If we could bring all of that in, what is it that we can actually learn about humanity and how life actually works out there in reality.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah. It sounds like the device manufacturers, the technology companies like Apple and – like Intel has been making acquisitions in this area. They’ve acquired Basis. So, you know, a lot of these companies are now looking at this area. It sounds like they’re going to be a tremendous force in where this goes, and even when it comes to the governmental typically regulated parts, like health and so on. They’re going to be a tremendous force in where this eventually goes in influence. Is that what you’re seeing at the moment? There seems to be more and more influences that are trying to push the realm out, basically.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: I think so. I think there’s a lot – it’s still a little early on to say, like, these are going – they are going to start maybe lobbying the government to do different things. But what we are seeing is that there is actually a lot of pressure within governmental organizations and governmental bodies to understand – everyone calls this stuff different things. We have mHealth, we have ConnectedHealth, and we have Quantified Self. All of them kind of relate to each other. And there’s a lot of push right now to say, like, this is happening.

We can’t just say, like, that this stuff isn’t around. What can we actually do to make sense of this? So one of the things that we actually did as an organization, in collaboration with a large funder – health research funder here in the United States, called the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, we hosted a meeting last year – I’m sorry, earlier this year, actually, early 2014, where we brought together people in the Quantified Self that are what we call toolmakers, you know, the people that make devices and applications and systems, along with researchers in public health and computer science, to say – to understand what is the role of this personal data in research?

Because now, rather than a researcher saying, ‘I have to develop an entirely new strategy, and I have to buy a bunch of sensors to give to people so I can understand how much activity they get during the week versus the weekend,’ now those people, they’re just collecting that data on their own. What is the role of that information in the research realm? And what can we learn from that? And that’s still very, very, very early, but there’s a big push, I think, to say why should we pay a $1 million grant for you to develop new sensors or new tools or buy different things, when there are all these people actually out there doing it on their own? What can we learn from them?

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. So previously, on episode 9 of the Quantified body, we spoke to Jessica Richman of uBiome, which you should know well. And she’s approaching this whole thing, calling it crowd science.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Yeah.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Which is basically turning science upside down and using technology and putting the right standards in place and so on. We could completely revolutionize the approach through quantification, like, of the masses. Basically Quantified Self everywhere could start feeding science, the new ideas and so on, and completely revolutionize the way we approach all of that.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Exactly. I mean, this idea of crowdsourced science or citizen science is super compelling. You know, at this meeting, we were talking with an individual named Margaret McKenna who is on the data science team at RunKeeper. And we were talking just about –

So in the United States, I think in 2008, they published kind of what they called a physical activity guideline, which says adults have to get 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity a week. But she was talking about when they look at their data, that’s just not true. People just don’t do that. They’re not robots. They don’t, like, every week get exactly this amount. It kind of goes in waves. People come and go. And she was talking – is there something we could do as an organization? Like, we are a large data collector – we have millions and millions of users that are tracking activity – to better understand what guidelines should actually be?

Or if you look at – say, for instance, in part of my world, I did physical activity research, so that’s where all my examples come from, I apologize. But in the United States we have what’s called the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. So every few years, they go out and try to measure the health of America. And they do it through clinical work, through surveys, and they also – to measure physical activity, they give a few thousand people accelerometers. That’s how we say, okay, people aren’t or are getting enough physical activity.

And that – if you were to say that’s how we measure physical activity in the United States, that data set is just completely dwarfed by the amount of data that companies like Garmin and Nike and Fitbit and Jawbone have. If – just in the United States. But then if you think about the worldwide scale, we’re now – they’re able to track millions of people. And if we could use that to understand interesting things about human behavior, it really opens up a whole new world of possibilities in the research realm.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah. It would change completely our approach, I know, from a business decision making prospect of Internet marketing, for instance. With previous partners, I always used to have discussions, and it was opinion based. And even when I was working in consulting, we’d have opinion based discussions, and whoever argue the best would win. In this new world, the idea is that we’re actually able and go test, and that’s what’s nice about the Internet today.

People in business, instead of arguing backwards and forwards and the person who argues the most in business, now they’re saying, well, ‘let’s test that idea and see what happens’. Right? I think that’s what’s really exciting, especially with people who follow kind of the health realm, there’s been many assumptions made and killed over time. And there’s still a ton of conflict in the world of medicine and health, for sure, if not more and more so as things – as different people discover new things and so on.

I don’t think that’s going to disappear any time soon, because it’s kind of like cutting-edge, leading-edge science. But if we had this kind of feedback mechanism where we could actually do tests and see – let’s just put it to a test. Let’s see what the population tells us about that hypothesis. It would revolutionize the speed of development of things.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Or imagine, like one of the things that we’re doing. Like what if you put the question asking in the hands of the actual individuals? So in Jessica’s case, she’s looking at microbiome data. So rather than saying, okay, what are the research questions that are in the field, that’s in the literature, what if individuals came up with those questions? What if they – what if someone said, ‘You know what, I really like my pets. I wonder if being around my dog changes my microbiome, my amount of bacteria that I’m in contact with?’ That’s probably a really interesting question. Has it been asked in the literature? Who knows? I mean, someone probably knows; not me.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Exactly. So it brings to surface things people actually care about instead of us assuming this is what matters to humans. What matters to everyone that we kind of resolve and put science towards. So in terms of Quantified Self, coming back to more practical, what would you say are the best tips if someone wants to quantify something about themselves? What would you say are best practice kinds of tips that you think it’s good to follow in terms of gathering or using the data or whatever you’ve seen over time?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: I think simplicity is always best. So one of the things that people – like they always – okay, well ‘I want to know about X, Y and Z about my life’. And then you start building the mechanism, how can I keep track of this data that I care about? And that can get really unwieldy really quickly. Because there’s so many different ways to do it, and we may want to get very, very super specific.

I think the easiest thing to do is whenever you find the question that you’re interested in, in other orders, ‘I’m curious about,’ or ‘I wonder if this is related to that,’ try to develop the easiest way that you can collect that information and engage with it, and then build a system around that. Whether that’s going and buying a fitness tracker or an Internet-connected weight scale, or setting up, you know, Google spreadsheets. I think one of the most underrated quantified self-tracking systems is Google Forms. It’s super easy to do. You can put it on your phone, and you can just have yourself answer surveys whenever you want.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, right. Just answer those two questions every morning. You can have an alert on your IPhone as well that says answer your form.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Exactly, exactly. Say you wanted to know about your sleep. You could just say, every morning, just click open that little Google Form that says, how did you sleep; how long did you sleep; what did you do the night before? Simple things like that. But the other thing is, you know, it does seem a little self-promotional, but on the Quantified Self website, we have a link to the show-and-tell videos, and there are hundreds of them.

We have over 700 videos in our video archive on Vimeo. But you can search the website, and probably find something that’s related to what you’re interested in. So if you’re interested in blood glucose, you can type that in, and you’re going to get returned a bunch of different posts and videos and real people talking about their real experiences tracking that thing.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Exactly, and what obstacles they came across and resolved, or so on, so you can get a head start, rather than starting from zero and maybe falling into the same traps. Yep, excellent point. So, Ernesto, what do you see – what’s the future of QS? You spoke a little bit about what you guys are focusing on right now, but are the specific things you’re looking at the moment, and any kind of challenges you’ve kind of got your eye on as well of the movement?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: One of the things that we’re doing is we’re trying to open up and really bring this idea of Quantified Self to the public and really showcase that these tools and technologies are going to start coming hard and fast, and whatever kind of questions you have, you’re going to be able to engage with those questions.

And so one of the things that we’re doing alongside of our global conference is having this public expo. So we have this really amazing venue in San Francisco, right on the water at Fort Mason, where we’re inviting people just to come and experience all of the different kinds of tools and tracking systems, to understand what’s actually available out there. What are the cool things that you can do? What are the questions that you can ask? How can you engage with your own personal data through a way of engaging with your own life?

So that’s one of our – I think one of the things we’re really interested in, and one of our fun challenges for next year. Part of it is also that data access piece, something we’re very interested in. Trying to engage the research community with the quantified self-community as a whole.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. Thank you very much for that. Who besides QS or perhaps specific resources, what would you recommend people look at in order to learn more about quantifying themselves? Like are there any specific resources, people, or things that people could look at to learn how to do this better and so on?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Obviously, again, self-promotional here, I’ll start with the Quantified Self website, which is just QuantifiedSelf.com.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. And to join – I mean, what’s the best approach to get involved? Let’s talk straight about it. To get involved in QS, what’s the best – I know how I do it. But let’s hear how you would go and get – how would you – what’s your first step to get involved in QS?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: So on the website, we have – there’s a sidebar. There’s a list of all of the different MeetUps that are Quantified Self MeetUps around the world. So one of the first things you can do is -I mean, obviously in person is going to be a lot more fun than just watching videos at home on your computer. So trying to find a MeetUp that’s close to you is step number one. So whether you’re in Los Angeles or New York or Boston or St. Louis or – like yourself, or in Australia, gosh, I’m trying to name all of them, now. London.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: They’re all over the world.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: They’re all over. Singapore. You can find a MeetUp close to you. If, though, however, you can’t find a MeetUp, we invite you to just start your own and then publicize it within your own local community to meet other people like you. That’s one of – I think the most interesting and fun parts of this, is it is a community. It’s a social aspect. We hear all the time when people come to the conferences or come to the meet ups, like, I didn’t realize there were other people that are interested in the same things I was interested in. I didn’t realize there were other dorks or geeks that were tracking their lives in Excel.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Or using wireless scales and really trying to understand themselves through the lens of personal data.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: We have a how to start your own MeetUp blog post or page on the website where it details everything, but also you can get a hold of me. My contact information is up on the website as well.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That’s great. And just for people – I was living in Bangkok at the time where they didn’t have a QS, but I did travel a bit. I go to London, come to the U.S. sometimes, and I would just drop in. Like, whenever I’m in a city, I’ll see if there’s a QS there. So if you travel a bit, you know, you can always check out, oh, do they have any local QS’s? And you can either do that on meetup.com, or you can go straight to the Quantified Self and, as you said, you have everything listed there. I think the thing we didn’t say is all of the meets for Quantified Self are managed through meetup.com, so they’re all listed in there. Is that correct?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: That’s correct. So all of them are on meetup.com. So you can always search Quantified Self on MeetUp to find something near you.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, and you can just RSVP, I’m going to go and join. So, I found that helpful, personally, to see what it was like. I was in some of the early meetings for London and stuff, and then because there was nothing in Bangkok, like you said, I was just, like, okay, I’ll just create my own one. And it was surprising to see that even in Bangkok, Thailand, where you don’t exactly think there’s going to be a lot of people interested in kind of something that’s a bit more cutting edge from Silicon Valley, yeah, there’s was a whole bunch of people who joined just naturally for the meet. It’s very easy to get started, even if there isn’t one in your own town.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Exactly. And, you know, one of the other things, obviously, you can come to one of our two conferences. We put on two a year. I was mentioning our global conference, we call it QS15. It will be in June in San Francisco. And we’re currently planning our fourth European Conference in Amsterdam in September of 2015.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, and that’s a great intro, because there’s such a variety of different people and things going on there. A great place to network and meet people that might be interested in similar things to you. I’m sure there are many businesses being grown out of QS, in fact, just for that kind of networking aspect.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Too many to even name. I mean, it seems like there’s one a day. And that’s great, because the more ways people can engage with their own personal data – like we were saying, answer the questions that they find interesting and important, the better for them.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yep. Are there any other resources you’ve found useful in terms of whatever, like, learning how to gather data better, or, you know, track it better, or make better decisions from it, or whatever?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: So one of the things that – I, because it’s part of my job as program director for Quantified Self, is just kind of staying abreast of different news and information. So if you’re on Twitter, the Quantified Self hashtag, which is just all one word, QuantifiedSelf, is pretty great. You know, there’s a mix of people, like news articles, people doing interesting things, but also people talking about their own data and different visualizations or projects or experiments they’ve done.

Our QS forum is great. People are always posting stuff on there, which is just forum.quantifiedself.com.

Then, gosh, I just feel self-promotional, just trying to promote all we do –

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: You can’t think of anything besides QS? Well, I guess you guys are trying to pull in anything that’s good, right?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Yeah. So every Saturday I post on our website, and it also goes out as a newsletter called ‘What We’re Reading,’ and it’s just links to both self-tracking projects, interesting data visualizations, but also just kind of like articles around the culture of data and quantified self and what that means, people who are doing interesting stuff. But it’s also just some tech news in general.

I think the last time – this last week, I posted a random article about researchers who were able to trick computers into thinking – different images were not what they seemed. It was really interesting, about algorithms and robotics.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: We’ll put links to all that stuff in the show notes.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Yeah.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So, Ernesto, what would be your number one recommendation to someone trying to use some form of data to make better decisions about their body’s health…performance?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Oh, my number one recommendation. That is – I said it earlier, which is, you know, start small and kind of look at the easiest possible way to do it. So try not to overload yourself with devices or systems or tools or applications.

And the second part is, I think, talk to someone else about your data. Whether that’s someone online that you know or don’t know, you know, sharing your data visualization, having a conversation. Because what happens, I think, a lot of times is when individuals sit with their own question and they engage with their own data, you already have some sort of bias. Like, you’re already looking for some kind of interesting pattern in a specific way.

And someone else who doesn’t have your own personal experience, I mean, they’re obviously not you, is going to bring a new set of eyes and a new set of experiences, and having those conversations with people, I think, can be really, really interesting. A lot of those show-and-tells that happen in person, a question will be, have you ever thought about looking at your data in this other way? And a speaker or presenter will say, ‘Oh, I really haven’t. That’s an interesting thing to do. I’ve never thought about that.’ So I think talking to someone about it, about what you’ve learned or what you’re doing, is always a great way to actually learn more.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. And to your first point, you were saying keep it simple, because – because basically, I know some people take on these projects, they’re too complex, and they get tired of them, because it takes too much effort every day, so convenience – how conveniently can you track this, how little effort does it take, are important considerations when you’re saying, ‘Oh, I’ve got to track this data for a month or two to get what I want out of it.’ So not trying to go overboard, I think, some projects could be dropped.

Have you seen that kind of thing? Like where people start out a bit over ambitious in terms of how much they want to collect and how much time they’re spending on it, and kind of drop the project halfway through and don’t get the value or whatever they wanted out of it.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Of course, yeah, it happens all the time.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yep, yeah. In all aspects of life. Final question. A bit more about you. What data metrics do you track for your own body on a routine basis?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Yeah, so I’ve been tracking with a Fitbit since 2011. I had – you know, I had a space in there where I lost it, so I had – I used data from my phone to kind of back up. I used – I’m a fan of redundant systems.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: So I have – my phone is tracking my physical activity, and so is my Fitbit. I track my running both with a GPS watch and a heart rate monitor and my phone as well. I also – I’m a really big fan of geolocation, because I think it tells a really interesting story about how you move around the world. So I track my geolocation. I’ve been doing my weight – not every morning, but I try and be pretty consistent, as well with that. And then my overall productivity and computer use. I use some time tracking software to do that, as well.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. And what has been the biggest insight from all of this kind of stuff that you’ve drawn to date, that you’ve found personally most useful? It could be anything. Just that you found it personally useful for your life?

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Oh, so, even, like, as a physical activity researcher, I found it really useful to have something that tracks my physical activity, because it really kind of hit home for me that you really have to make it a priority. At least for my own. I really had to make it a priority to move. Whether that’s making sure that I go on walks, I get up from my desk, that I go on a run every so often. If I don’t – because a lot of times I’m working either from home or from another small office – that I’ll just kind of get in the zone and zone out, and it will be a few hours later, and I haven’t done anything. So really, for me, it’s really about how much of the things you kind of take for granted. Just, like, normal everyday activity, you really have to be thoughtful of.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, and tracking it has helped do that for you, obviously, by bringing it –

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Yeah, enormously. I mean, just looking at it on a day-to-day basis. But every now and then, I go back and look at aggregate information. I’ve played around with making calendar heatmaps to look at kind of my years versus each other. And it’s pretty striking to see, like, how life changes, like walking to an office versus working from home really affects overall activity.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, yeah, that’s interesting. So it’s the things we don’t really think about which could influence physical activity, for example, and it’s just some kind of life change. That’s very interesting.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: Yeah.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Ernesto, thank you so much for joining us today, and to introduce us to the Quantified Self. It’s been great. Like I said, we’ll put all the links to you guys and everything in the show notes, so people can find you easily and get started, hopefully, in their local towns and so on.

[Ernesto Ramirez]: This has been fun. I really appreciate it.


Leave a Reply

A walk-through of a practical framework designed to achieve what most of us believe is impossible – completely eliminate aging. Learn about the 7 ways we age, and how scientists are trying to design tools to repair each one of them.

Today is our first episode on aging. Longevity is a subject close to my heart, and I’ve been following the career of this episode’s guest for many years.

Dr. Aubrey de Grey is a visionary and general strategist in the field of longevity and anti-aging. He applies the concepts of planning, investment, and risk management to the science of aging so that we get there as soon as possible, within our lifetimes. The basis of his plan is the seven “Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence” that offer a practical route to longer life.

“[The] seven major categories… was really the big breakthrough that allowed me to see that the repair of damage was not only the most promising approach to combating aging with medicine, it was actually a feasible approach that could realistically be implemented within a matter of decades.”
– Dr. Aubrey de Grey, PhD

Dr. de Grey may be the greatest activist for longevity of our time. He’s the Chief Science Officer for the SENS Research Foundation, a not-for-profit organization funding research into longevity around the world. He’s authored two books; Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs that Could Reverse Human Aging in our Lifetime in 2008 and The Mitochondrial Free-Radical Theory of Aging, for which he received his PhD in 1999.

In today’s interview we examine popular longevity strategies such as caloric restriction and telomerase therapies, as well as those covered by his own research. His viewpoints on these topics contrast greatly to those you may see in the press, and offer important insights into whether we should make use of these existing strategies.

The show notes, biomarkers, and links to the apps, devices and labs and everything else mentioned are below. Enjoy the show and let me know what you think in the comments!

itunes quantified body

Show Notes

  • Aging as a medical problem versus “Aging as a disease” (3:55).
  • The relationship of aging to illness (4:35).
  • The difference between “diseases of old age” and general illness (6:51).
  • The relationship between aging and cellular damage (7:51).
  • How the “seven categories of aging damage” make the longevity problem solvable (9:28).
  • The roadmap to the end of aging (“Bridging”) (12 :12).
  • The roadmap to the end of aging (“Longevity escape velocity”) (14:16).
  • Are we waiting for expansions in biotechnology to achieve better longevity? (15:00).
  • Dr. de Grey’s and SENS’ research resources (16:13).
  • Mitochondrial damage as it relates to aging (17:48).
  • Changes in mitochondrial theory since Dr. de Grey’s first book (19:22).
  • The uncertainty as to whether mitochondrial disease affects aging (20:35).
  • The indirect route by which mitochondria may affect health (21:24).
  • Mitochondrial damage and the “metabolic theory of cancer” (24:09).
  • How current trends, such as calorie restriction, fit into the SENS theory (26:51).
  • Intermittent fasting versus long term calorie restriction (30:21).
  • How telomeres and telomerase affect aging (31:20).
  • The balance between telomerase and cancer (32:58).
  • Do telomeres really effect cell function and aging? (36:04).
  • The difficulty in finding biomarkers valuable for tracking physiological age (36:54).
  • The difference between useful biomarkers and transitory blood metabolites (40:02).
  • What can be done, today, to increase longevity? (41:13).
  • Managing longevity by managing an individual’s health risk factors (43:23).
  • More about the SENS Research Foundation and the Methuselah Foundation (45:45).
  • What biomarkers does Dr. de Grey, personally, track? (50:28).
  • The Palo Alto Longevity Competition (53:13).

Thank Dr. Aubrey de Grey on Twitter for this interview.
Click Here to let him know you enjoyed the show or what you’ve learned from it.

Dr. Aubrey de Grey, PhD & S.E.N.S.

Aubrey de Grey

S.E.N.S. Research Foundation

  • SENS Research Foundation: Foundation for the research of “Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence” (SENS) founded by Dr. de Grey as an offshoot of The Methuselah Foundation.
  • SENS’ tax deductible donation page: SENS is a U.S. 501-C3 tax-exempt nonprofit organization, which can also accept tax deductible donations from citizens of the UK and most of mainland Europe. By donating, you’ll be in good company. Peter Thiel, the billionaire entrepreneur, VC and co-founder of paypal, donated $3.5 million to its activities.

The Tracking

Biomarkers & Frameworks

  • 7 Types of Aging Damage Framework: The framework Aubrey discussed in this episode which he has developed as the foundation of the plan to end aging.
  • Insulin: Probably the best indicator for overall metabolic function and health. Blood insulin levels begin to rise when muscle cells (primarily) become insulin resistant, meaning they are not taking up glucose properly. Insulin resistance is a precursor to diabetes.
  • Triglycerides: An indicator of general metabolic health. The seven types of aging damage are based on the inevitable damage arising from the metabolisms of life, and maintaining general health is a factor in keeping this damage in check.
  • Homocysteine: Dr. de Grey tracks his homocysteine levels only because it’s been slightly elevated in his personal history, and not because he feels it’s a general biomarker for aging. This is a great example of personalizing your biomarker monitoring plan.
  • Telomere length and Telomerase: While Dr. de Grey did not feel telomere length or telomerase levels were valuable as an indicator of aging, he did discuss their potential value for the function of high-turnover cells as well as the possible cancer risk associated with telomere extension.

Lab Tests, Devices and Apps

  • 23andMe genetic testing: Dr. de Grey discussed the value of understanding one’s personal health risks and predispositions via genetic testing.

Other People, Resources and Books

People

Organizations

  • Methuselah Foundation: The Methuselah Foundation was co-founded by Dave Gobel and Aubrey de Grey in 2003 to shed light on the processes of aging and finds ways to extend healthy life.
  • The Palo Alto Longevity Prize: The Palo Alto Longevity Prize is a $1 million life science competition dedicated to ending aging. Aubrey de Grey is on the board of advisors.
  • Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology: Doctor Aubrey de Grey is an Adjunct Professor at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT). According to his onsite bio, “[MIPT], better known as ‘Phystech’, is one of the best educational and research institutions in Europe, attracting the most talented students from all over Russia in the field of physics and mathematics.”

Full Interview Transcript

Transcript - Click Here to Read

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Aubrey, thank you very much for coming on the show.

[Aubrey de Grey]: My pleasure, thank you for having me.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So, aging is a disease. Obviously this isn’t what everyone thinks today, so why would you describe aging as a disease?

[Aubrey de Grey]: Well, it is actually because that is a controversial use of terminology I don’t tend to do that. I tend to try to sidestep the ambiguity of the terminology, first of all, and cut to the chase. So let’s say whether or not we choose to call aging a disease, what we can certainly say is that it is a medical problem. It is bad for you. It makes your body and your head work less well, and eventually it kills you. And that is what I call a medical problem.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay, fine. When you are looking at it from this perspective, are there things in previous interviews where I have seen. When we are young we can die and we can get injured from certain things. And when we age, when we are older in our 40s and 50s, we tend to get other health conditions which you could say are linked to aging. Are there certain conditions where you could say that if we didn’t age, we wouldn’t have to put up with these health or functionality restrictions?

[Aubrey de Grey]: Actually, yeah. And actually let me elaborate on that by referencing your first question about the age. I think the big problem with telemetry, with the use of the word ‘disease’ is not so much that we don’t call aging a disease. The problem is that we do call things like Alzheimer’s disease and cancer and atherosclerosis – we call them diseases. That is the mistake and the reason it is the mistake is because actually the difference between those things and the things that we rightly call diseases like infections is a much bigger difference, both in terms of the symptoms and the progression of the symptoms and the ways that we might be able to treat them. That is a much bigger difference than the difference between both of these, on the one hand. And the aspect with aging that we don’t call a disease – like declining function of the immune system or a loss of muscle or gaining of fat or whatever.

I think that if we are looking truly accurate and instructive, useful classification, if you like, of the various ways in which we can get sick then a much better one is to say that aging conflicts with everything that goes wrong with the body or the mind, predominantly for those people who were born a long time ago. And diseases are things that can affect young people just as much as older people.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, so the distinction – just to give some examples to the audience, would it be things like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, even multiple sclerosis? I don’t think people tend to get that before the age of 30, for instance. Cardiovascular disease – would all of these kind of things be linked into that area?

[Aubrey de Grey]: Kind of, yeah. Certainly multiple sclerosis a bit of a gray area, whether you would really call it an aspect of aging – not just because it happens rather earlier than the other diseases you listed, but also because it certainly doesn’t happen to everybody. Whereas the diseases of old age, the commonest ones – whether it is cardiovascular disease, cancers, Alzheimer’s, these things tend to affect everybody at more or less the same age. Of course, some people die of one thing and some people die of another thing, but the only real reason for that is because of small differences in the rates at which different people accumulate the damage that results in these diseases. But most people who die of cancer die with Alzheimer’s in some level or other. Most people who die of atherosclerosis die with cancer. It is just that it hasn’t got so far along.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, so in your book The End of Aging, you describe the seven causes of aging. Would all of these be classified – would it be correct to call them some type of damage to the body?

[Aubrey de Grey]: I would call them damage, yes. In fact this is another kind of terminology question. I would say really that the best way to define the use of the word damage, in relation to aging, is that we would say that damage consists of exactly those changes to the structure and composition of the body at the molecular and cellular level that on the one hand arise as side effects of being alive in the first place, side effects of the stuff that the body does to keep us alive from one day to the next. On the other hand, they accumulate throughout life. They get progressively more and more abundant and eventually they get more abundant than the amount that the body is set up to tolerate, so that means they start to impair and eventually completely eliminate their physiological function.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, so there are clearly changes which take place because of aging, because of the processes that are going on as we are living.

[Aubrey de Grey]: I would say that they are aging, it is not so much by aging or they think they are aging, but the nature of aging is the changes in molecular and cellular structure.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. That is a nice way to put it because most of us think of aging as what we are looking at outside the body – the wrinkles and when you are looking at people you can see that aging. but in a respect we could say that the actual things you have defined and are changing within the body would be aging. so could you please outline what those are and which ones are the most important for you or if they are all the same? What is this kind of framework that you have and which ones are you most focused on currently?

[Aubrey de Grey]: The classification – there are seven major categories. It was really the big breakthrough that allowed me to see that the repair of damage was not only the most promising approach to combating aging with medicine, it was actually a feasible approach that could realistically be implemented within a matter of decades. If you have got 1,000 different things to deal with, then 1,000 different therapies are going to take a long time to develop. Well, if you can classify them into a much more manageable number of categories, such that within each category you are basically doing the same treatment for every example within the category and then the whole thing becomes much more feasible-looking, and that is exactly what I was able to do. So the categories are very simple things like having progressively-fewer cells in a particular organ or tissue because cells are dying and not being automatically replaced by the division of other cell. Or we accumulate molecular waste products in the cell because the cell is creating this waste product as a byproduct of something it needs to do. And the cell does not have any machinery either to break it down or to excrete it, so it accumulates.

Now, in each of these things we can look at and we can point to particular diseases and disabilities of old age that are predominantly caused by one or another of these things, so that is what we work on. And yes, we feel that all seven of these categories of damage are equally important. Certainly – well, there is one exception I guess, which is mitochondrial mutations where we can’t 100% certainly say it matters as much as the others. Actually, it might matter more than many of the others, we don’t know. But all the others we can say they matter pretty much equally as much because we can go into a particular nature, age, relation, or [pathology 00:11:42] and kill people at more or less the same age driven by that damage.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: I see, so you are saying that pathology can be linked to each of these aging processes?

[Aubrey de Grey]: Yes, for example, molecular garbage inside the cell I just mentioned, that is definitely the reason we get heart disease, atherosclerosis – molecular garbage outside the cell is a major cause of heart disease in certain areas. Cell loss is the major cause of Parkinson’s disease, and so on.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. Thanks for that clarification. So you have outlined a roadmap to basically end aging and you have brought to light two concepts that I understand there are like bridges and there is something called longevity escape philosophy. Did you explain how these are eventually going to end aging or stop us from having to go through this process of aging?

[Aubrey de Grey]: Sure. So first of all, let me talk about bridges. That is actually not my terminology – that comes mainly from [Ray Kurzweil 00:12:40] who has often pointed out that there is a certain amount that we can do today to postpone the ill health of old age, and that is good. That is all very well. But there is actually more. Maybe we will be able, some of us anyway, to postpone the ill health of old age today with methods already available well enough to still be around in time for therapies that are not yet developed, because they haven’t yet been developed. If that can be done then of course we get an additional amount of life and we may be around for the next generation therapy, and so on.

And that concept – well, he normally talked about three major failures – what we can do today, what we might be able to do in the next couple of decades with our technology, and then what we might be able to do in decades after that using more of the non-biological solutions such as nanotechnology. And that is a fine way of putting it. Certainly the biotechnological approaches that he favored are pretty much identical to the ones I favor. And nanotechnology is certainly not an area in which I can claim much expertise, but I think he is more or less on the mark there, as well.

There are some where we part, actually, Ray and myself, as to how beneficial for most people what things are today, things that you can do already. And I think that [Bridge 1 00:12:40] as he calls it may not be much of a bridge, but by large the concept – we stand together on this concept. So the longevity escape philosophy, which you mentioned, is indeed from a phrase that I invented. And here I am not splitting the process of getting from here to indefinite longevity into that particular number of phases, like three – I am just saying that once we get a certain way along this process we are safe because we will be improving the quality and comprehensiveness of these therapies fast enough to stay one step ahead of the problem, essentially be repairing the damage that we couldn’t yet repair well enough that the overall abundance of damage will at no point reach a level that exceeds what the bod is set up to tolerate.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, and this relies on the concept that medical technology and biotechnology will be advancing exponentially?

[Aubrey de Grey]: Oh not at all and this is something which – and again I talk a lot with respect to I owe to information technology that we can see there is an accelerating track where progress is made at a faster rate as time goes on. In the case of longevity escape philosophy that may well happen, but the key point is it does not need to happen. In fact, if we are able to say 20 years from now or 30 years from now to reach this point where people are eventually not getting older, they are getting repaired as fast as they are aging, then it turns out that thereafter we can actually proceed at only that same pace and perhaps even slow down a little bit and will still be doing well enough simply because the rate at which the damage we cannot yet repair is accumulating will diminish as the types of damage that we can’t yet repair become fewer and fewer.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. Thank you for those clarifications. So what, for you, is the first and most important step? Right now are you really focusing – because you do funding of research and you kind of prioritize things – are you kind of prioritizing any of these steps in particular? Are you are trying to spread your investments so that you kind of manage the risk?

[Aubrey de Grey]: Very much the last, we are spreading. We have our fingers in all of these fires because we feel it is pretty stupid if we focused on some of them and then the other ones didn’t get done by us or by anybody else and people carry on dying on schedule even though most of the problems have been fixed. So we need to make sure, especially for the areas which are least fashionable, are being most severely neglected by other people, that it is vital for us to move forward. In fact, that is the only criteria that we use that really does determine what we choose to work on and not to work on. So the real manifestation of it is that we do very little work in stem cells. Stem cell work is very limited simply because so many other people are already working in that area. It is very burgeoning, very fashionable. So our work effort would be a bit of a drop in the ocean where we are the leading group working in many of the other areas.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, so basically you are choosing the least fashionable topics so that other things get pushed on it? And we actually do need to fix all of these problems. I mean, that is your assumption – in order to extend life and create longevity?

[Aubrey de Grey]: That’s right. I don’t think it is even an assumption, I think we know it.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay, great, great. So one of your other books looks specifically at mitochondrial mutations and the free radical theory of disease. Why did you specifically write a book about that topic?

[Aubrey de Grey]: Great question. So that was a long time ago. That book was published in 1999 and it is actually the only other book I have written. I have only written two books total. It was simply the first area that I got interested in when I decided I wanted to work on aging, whether it being to do something about it. Of course, I started out knowing nothing about that subject. In fact, I didn’t know all that much biology. I had been a computer scientist for my research career until that point. So I had a lot to learn. And obviously you learn some things before other things just by random chance. I ended up gravitating into the area of mitochondrial mutations as my main focus before I got interested in the other things.

So for the first few years of my career in gerontology in the late 90s, that was what I was working on and that was where I published my first half dozen papers or so. And my very first paper came to the attention of a publisher who did low print run academic books and said – anyway, what I wrote, so he said that he liked what I did and asked if I could go on writing a book, so I said all right, and that was the result. So the material in there covers pretty much my first three or four years or gerontology research. And it actually was also the [inaudible 00:19:08] idea was cemented to the University of Cambridge and I got the PHD for it.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. So would everything you wrote in there still be valid today or are there things you have discovered which you would change, some of that?

[Aubrey de Grey]: So the fantastic thing is that more or less everything is actually still true. There have been, of course, some minor discoveries that have changed things, but the broad sway of what I was writing there is certainly still true with one big exception. That big exception is exactly the exception that you like to have – namely, as time has gone on, new techniques, new ideas, and new discoveries have been made that essentially provide shortcuts – they have made the job of fixing this problem easier. And that is true also for the book that I wrote for ending aging, which is not nearly half as long ago as I wrote the mitochondrial and free radical theory book. So, they are pretty good, the lead idea of standing the test of time so well – the seven point plan that we work on is pretty much identical to what I was describing more than ten years ago or 12 years ago. So that is really circumstantial, but nevertheless quite strong evidence that we are on the right line, that there is more to this robustly standing the test of time.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Well congratulations because that is not an easy feat given how everything is changing so fast in biology and so on. So you have talked a bit about – one thing you mentioned earlier was except for when you are talking about the seven different areas and causes of aging, you said that mitochondrial damage may or may not be one of the most important ones. Why is there that area of uncertainty around mitochondria specifically?

[Aubrey de Grey]: Simply because there is no one major pathology we can point to where we can say clearly that there is a chain of events from this particular type of damage to that particular pathology. In the case of every other – the other six types of damage, we can point to a particular pathology and say that it is established. It is not even a hypothesis, it is actually known and absolutely agreed that the main driver of that pathology is a lifelong accumulation of that particular type of damage.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. So is that because we need to do more research to understand properly this mechanism in mitochondrial damage so we can say that we understand it less than the others?

[Aubrey de Grey]: I don’t think so, actually. I think the reason is the actual fact of the biology, rather than our understanding of the biology. I think it is possible that mitochondrial mutations simply don’t matter very much in aging, but it is more likely that they do matter but only by a very indirect route. And if it is indirect then it may be very placebic and it is something that affects pretty much all aspects of aging but in a subtle manner. So if you look at my book in 1999, you will see that there is some discussion of a rather elaborate mechanism – in fact, it is so elaborate that a lot of people just didn’t like it because it was too elaborate, which basically says that if mitochondrial mutations are accumulating even to relatively low levels, they may be able to be disproportionately toxic by essentially damaging molecules in the blood stream. And if they do that then those molecules can get into other cells and spread the damage around and kind of amplify it. This model is still very much a hypothesis and it has by no means been shown to be true, but it hasn’t been shown to be false either. And in fact bits of it, occasionally here and there, end up acquiring little bits of supporting data. There was a paper actually put out in [inaudible 00:22:54] just a few weeks ago, which was the first one to support one little technical detail of that hypothesis which previously had been completely controversial.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. It seems to me that mitochondria have become quite fashionable lately, just from my perspective. I don’t know if you would agree with that, when you are talking about the least fashionable versus the quite fashionable. There are a lot of supplements that tend to target more mitochondria and the word just tends to come up a lot more.

[Aubrey de Grey]: So yes, in a general sense mitochondria are very fashionable. Lots of people work on them. They have the major pre-eminent conferences on mitochondria that are bigger than ever, and so on. But the particular question of how we might be able to restore health to cells that have been taken over by mitochondrial mutation, that is obviously a very, very narrow area within mitochondriology and that is not fashionable at all. We don’t know, but we think it’s because people think it can’t be done. It’s a nature of science that people work on, things that they think they can succeed on and get published and promote and those things. And that means the hardest things often don’t get worked on at all.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, absolutely. So like Dr. Thomas Seyfried is well-known for his ideas around mitochondrial and metabolism and cancer. Do your ideas connect with his or are they different?

[Aubrey de Grey]: I don’t actually know that name. Tell me about this guy and his ideas.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: With the metabolic theory of cancer?

[Aubrey de Grey]: Okay, there are various metabolic theories of cancer, but go on – tell me the ideas a little bit and I will tell you what I think of them.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Well, the idea is basically about free radical damage of the MT DNA and once that is damaged the mitochondria are not functioning so they are not giving sufficient energy to the cells. The idea is that from there the cells start behaving in a different manner, which includes cancer.

[Aubrey de Grey]: All right, so certainly stated that simplistically that theory is not correct. Variations of it –

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: I am sure I am not doing it justice at all.

[Aubrey de Grey]: Variations on that idea may have some validity. Certainly we see in aging that normal cells that are not cancerous at all accumulate mitochondrial mutations. Only a small minority of cells do that, but the ones that do get completely taken over by that mutation. In cancer we don’t see those same mutations. We do see some mutations sometimes and certainly one thing that we see much more ubiquitously is a depression of mitochondrial function even in the absence of any actual mutations. So the [inaudible 00:25:36] and we certainly have a number of theories out there that describe how cancer cells may obtain some kind of advantage then and protect themselves from the immune system, for example, by doing things like that or reducing their oxidative metabolism. So if that is the general theory that is being put forward, then yes, there is a certain amount of validity to it. But the thing that counts is that there are an awful lot of ways this can occur. There are an awful lot of ways that cancer health can discover to escape the normal controls that stop cells from dividing when they shouldn’t. So they have to do a bunch of things like breaking down the intracellular matrix, they have to ignore the signals that tell them not to divide, they have to ignore signals that tell them to die. They have to, as I say, resist the attack from the immune system. All of these things are really hard and any cancer that has reached a size where it has come to the notice of the clinician it has already jumped through a million hoops. So there are a lot of different ways to be that way.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thank you. So today we have a lot of things in the press – there are a lot of products and there is a fair amount of research around topics which supposedly could help to give us longevity. Some of these are caloric restriction and linked to that fasting, autophagy, mitophagy and then we have the telomeres, telomerase and some others. For any of these things that are available today, and we can stop and look at them separately, I understand that you feel that none of them are actually targeting any of the seven areas, or any of the seven causes of disease sufficiently to actually extend our life. So could you talk a little bit about why you feel that is? Perhaps you want to tackle the biggest one, which is caloric restriction, for example?

[Aubrey de Grey]: Yes, by and large the simple approaches that we have today are not even hypothesized to actually repair damage the way that science is trying to do. So the best that could be said about these things, the proponents will say, is that they may slow down the subsequent accumulation of more damage. So that is still good. That means you are postponing the age at which the damage reaches an abundance that is insupportable, but of course the later you start the older you are when you start doing it. And then even if it works, the less benefit you are going to get because you have already accumulated all the damage at the original rates. So that is bad enough, but yeah. So you can say I am also very pessimistic about the ability of the approaches even to slow down the accumulation of damage by a meaningful amount. In very short-lived species calorie restriction is very effective. We can certainly increase the lifespan of a mouse from let’s say two-and-a-half years to three-and-a-half years using calorie restrictions, and that is pretty impressive. But if we go further down the evolutionary chain and we ask about small invertebrates like worms, for example, that normally live only a few weeks, it turns out that calorie restriction can do a great deal more. You can multiply the longevity of a worm by a factor of maybe three or four by calorie restriction.

The unfortunate thing is that this correlation, this inverse correlation between the natural span of the species and the extent to which that lifespan can be multiplied by calorie restriction works the other way as well. So 20 years ago people did a calorie restriction experiment on dogs and they only got a 10% increase in lifespan instead of the 40% that you might get in mice. And more recently we had a couple of experiments that on for more than 20 year looking at monkeys under calorie restriction. They finally reported and they got less than 10% – in fact, one of them was basically faster. So it is not looking too good. The worst of it is that this is what we should have expected because it actually was predicted by evolutionary theory – especially simply because long famines are not so frequent as short famines. We are unlikely to have the ability – to have evolved the ability – to respond to long famines in a manner that would increase our evolutionary fitness whereas short famines we experience frequently enough irrespective of how long the actual lifespan is that it makes sense to have that ability.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That’s great. And of course, currently the more fashionable topic around caloric restriction and fasting is intermittent fasting, which is typically anything between 18 and 24 hours for most people. Do you have a different view of that and the idea of this, which is activation of autophagy which can help to clear up some of the cellular garbage?

[Aubrey de Grey]: No, it is absolutely the same. The kinds of metabolic changes and expression changes that are induced are basically identical, and a good approximation – whether you have continuous calorie restriction or intermittent fasting or whether you use drugs that essentially trick the body into thinking it is on calorie restriction when it isn’t like [rapamycin 00:30:59] or whether you use genetic modifications in model organisms that trick the body in that way, by turning on the same pathway. It is no surprise. All of these things are turning on the same response, they are just turning it on in different ways. So of course you are going to get the same response.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thank you very much. So the other big area – I guess you could tell me if you see this as the other big area because you do a lot of these interviews and you probably get the same kind of rejections. I think the other big area is telomeres and telomerase, which has become very fashionable now. And I understand that of course you think that isn’t an area that is going to help us?

[Aubrey de Grey]: Sure, so the telomere is a critical part of the cell and the organism and we definitely need to understand how it changes with aging and the extent to which those changes are good or bad. But we definitely cannot say at this point that the changes we see during aging are uniformly bad and therefore the thing to do would be to stop those changes from happening. The reason we can’t say that is because it seems that large animals, or large mammals and certainly humans, have made use of the telomere as a kind of way to get a tradeoff – get the best of both worlds between two important aspects of aging. One of them being the inability of the cell to – well, let me back up and say it a little differently.

One of them being the increasing inability of cells to divide and the other being the increasing tendency of cells to get into a state where they divide when we wish they didn’t. Most of our cells, let’s remember, do not divide – or if they do, they only divide fairly rarely, on demand. Like, for example, skin cells – the bottom layer of the skin that divide like crazy when you have a cut, to close the wound. It is only a small proportion of our cells, a few cell types, the stem cells of rapidly renewing tissues like blood which divide regularly. Those are the only cells that have a potential problem of telomere shortening.

Telomere shortening is something that happens when cells divide because of the nature of DNA replication and eventually when cells have divided enough they end up getting telomeres that are so short that bad things happen in the cell. I won’t take the time to go into what bad things, but the cell basically gets unhappy.

So cells that divide rapidly need to compensate for this and they have an enzyme called telomerase which does so. They certainly don’t need that capacity because they don’t divide often enough. They just don’t make the same amount of telomerase. Now, most people believe that the reason why they don’t make it is so that if they mutate, or become cancerous, then the cancer will not be able to grow large enough to kill us because that will require enough cell division that the telomeres will get short and bad things will happen to the cancer cells and the cancer will just wither away. So the question is if we want to do better than what evolution has done, how do we address this tradeoff?

One way might be to make most of our cells create more telomerase, more of this enzyme. That would allow cells in the blood, for example, to divide more than they currently do. And that would be interesting because it might make the blood continue to work better and the gut continue to work better, and so on, but it would run the risk of exacerbating cancer. The alternative is to go the exact opposite direction to bear down on to telomerase and make it less of it. That might be a really good way to suppress cancer but it might exacerbate the more degenerative aspects in that it makes our blood age faster, for example. We simply don’t know which of these factors is going to better because really it is not just which of those things you do, it is also how you cope with the side effects that you are creating. You are going to make one or other sides of the equation worse, you have got to find some secondary therapy to alleviate that and we of course don’t know yet.

So a number of people are working on the telomerase stimulation side of the equation, going to rescue the aging of dividing cells by giving more telomerase and then trying to find some other way to deal with any cancer problems that might arise. And we are going the other way and saying we are still with cancer by suppressing telomerase and left the other cells to deal with the cell division problems that might arise.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. And that seems to be because cancer is one of the most sure things which is actually going to kill us versus the other side of the equation, which you are saying is more of a functional impact rather than a kind of end of life kind of impact?

[Aubrey de Grey]: Well, I wouldn’t quite put it like that. I mean, there is still the big question of the extent to which telomere shortening really contributes to the pathologies of old age, so definitely telomeres get shorter in the blood in older people, but nobody has really been able to show they get so short they cause loss of function. So we actually may not need to worry about that in a currently normal lifetime But for sure, if we were to suppress telomerate in the manner that I have been talking as an anti cancer therapy, then we would create a problem even if the problem doesn’t already exist.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right – when we are dealing with really complex problems it has been shown that can often be the case for therapies. So a key thing we talk about in this podcast is any aspects of quantification and with respect to longevity I am wondering if there is anything that you feel that is worth monitoring to track how we are aging? Now, currently it is fashionable with telomeres to measure the telomeres and they have indexes which say your telomeres versus someone else your age are above average or below average in terms of how many you have left, basically. Are there any biomarkers that you feel can validly track the progress of aging and perhaps how it varies between different people based on their lifestyles, their genetics, or any other factors that might be affecting the rate at which they age?

[Aubrey de Grey]: That is a really tough question. They don’t actually age, the Natural Institute of Health paid a huge amount of money several years ago, many years ago now, into a long-term study trying to identify biomarkers of aging that were really reliable and it was basically completely unsuccessful. They basically found nothing. Now, people haven’t given up on this but the reason they haven’t given up is the complexity. Essentially there are a couple other things you can die of, so how do you put aside whether one means by a biomarker of aging. Well, you have to define that some how, its another way of saying the predictor of how long you are going to live, what your remaining longevity is, or that you will remain in healthy longevity, but then you have to define health and it gets a little bit fuzzy as well. So it is actually quite hard to even define what you mean by biomarker of aging, but even once you have gotten past that difficulty, because there are so many different things that go wrong you don’t expect to have one simple or even fairly simple number that says something like this.

You expect, one would think, that as you get older you are as old as your weakest link. So you are going to expect that you would want to measure a lot of things and each of them points to a probability of getting a severe case of this or that type of age-related pathology in this or that amount of time. And certainly some things are more influential than others. These things affect each other and we may be able to point to things that are a bit more indicative overall of the probability of death or disease of all types in old age. But it is a very – it is not an exact science, put it like that. I have been lucky enough to have my biological age tested, which I have been able to do maybe four times now over the past decade or more. The test I have been able to get done on me involved measuring probably 150 different things in my blood as well as all manner of physiological and cognitive tests. There is no one number that comes out of that, really. There is no one useful number. The only thing that really usually comes out of it is what to pay most attention to, what seems to be changing more rapidly or seems to be problematic levels or that of other people of your own chronological age, those sorts of things.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, so there are 130 markers. Would many of those fit within your seven areas of damage and kind of be related to that?

[Aubrey de Grey]: Oh certainly. Certainly not now because the things that one measures in the blood aren’t metabolized. These are small molecules that are constantly being ingested into the body or synthesized by the body or destroyed by the body or excreted from the body. The blood stream is just this pipeline, right? It is just this network of roads that take things from one place to another and particularly it shortens molecules whereas the seven types of damage that I talk about, types of molecules or cells, the molecular or cellular changes that accumulate over time. So in other words, yes, the concentration of a particular small molecule in the blood may change but that is because of subtle changes in the set point, in the equilibrium between synthesis and destruction or ingestion and excretion of those molecules, which are kind of readouts of the level of damage elsewhere – maybe of the activity of enzymes or the activities or numbers of certain cells, for example. But they are not the damage itself, they are readouts of the damage.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay, great. So if we wanted to live longer today – I mean, I know one answer which we are going to definitely come up with at the end which we need to talk about, like helping you fund the different areas because you see that as the most important to targeting these areas that we are not really looking at – but for the people at home who are concerned about their longevity, what would be the best strategy for them in terms of thinking about their own health?

[Aubrey de Grey]: I wish I had a better answer to this, I really do. Certainly I know that there are some people – if you are an unlucky person, so Ray Kurzweil – come back to Ray Kurzweil again because of course he is well-known as someone who thinks that one can make a big difference to one’s longevity using supplements and so on. He probably is making a substantial difference to his own longevity that way, but that is because his own longevity by default was probably going to be rather shorter than average. He has a lot of cardiovascular disease in his family, he came down with type 2 diabetes in his 30s, which is pretty unusual even though it is not unheard of. And he has been able to really completely fix that using his regime that he developed himself and I totally applaud that. What I can’t do is say that this would apply to people who are already doing okay, especially those doing better than average, like me. Only if you are somehow unlucky, we have simple ways that may be able to somewhat normalize your rate of aging. Now, of course, on top of that, there is the fact that there are plenty of ways to substantially shorten your longevity by smoking or getting seriously overweight or eating a very poor diet, for example, but you didn’t need me to tell you that. I bet your mother told you.

So unfortunately over and above that, as things stand, we cannot point to anything that can appreciably help most people. And that of course is why I always say the only thing you can really do is buy more time – not by extending the time that you stay healthy but by reducing the time before therapy had come along that would actually do much more than anything that exists today.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. So I will kind of run by you the way I think about this and see if you have ideas on this, to see if this is a decent idea or not. The way I talk to my friends and stuff when they ask me these kinds of questions is I say that basically you want to manage your biggest risks, right? So if you were talking about Ray Kurzweil has cardiovascular risk in his family. For instance, you had a 23&Me or other set of genetic tests which point out that with some probability you have – for instance, I have a higher risk of lung cancer than most people and a couple of other things in my profile and people have different risks. So I suggest they look at that and then potentially they look for the biomarkers related to that on an ongoing basis rather than the genetic longer-term risk. And they monitor that and they also look into the things that can reduce that specific health risk and to reduce the risk and to limit the risk of them actually getting that biggest risk. So it is kind of plugging the biggest gaps they have of shortening their lifespan. I am just wondering if you think that is a reasonable approach?

[Aubrey de Grey]: For sure. I think in general for most people if you have got a risk factor that puts you at risk of being considerably shorter length than average, then you are going to know about it as a consequence of the kinds of metabolic tests I was talking about. But there can certainly be exceptions to that, things that truly don’t really affect your health as measured in normal ways, so that is all they do. Like suddenly some of them bite you in the backside. So that is the kind of thing that 23&me analysis might lower. But one also has got to be extremely careful in evaluating that kind of data because ultimately it arises from basic science. It arises from people studying particular genetic variations in the population and identifying correlations between those variants and the instance of this or that to these. And those studies are notoriously difficult to do and they have a notoriously low level of reproducibility because different populations are different and because sample sizes are limited, and so on and so forth.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Thank you. I always appreciate your answers because they provide a different context and perspective to everyone else so it is always very interesting to get that feedback. Let’s talk a little bit about SENS organization and what you’re up to there because this is your vision basically for making it happen. So you have different activities – and I also want to know a little bit about the [Methuselah Foundation 00:45:56] which you were formerly part of. And I understand that has some similar activities although it is going about it in a different way.

[Aubrey de Grey]: Sure, and let me actually start with the Methuselah Foundation because that makes more sense chronologically. The Methuselah Foundation is a charity, a 501-C3, that was created by myself and a businessman from Virginia named David Gobel in 2002, late 2002. Our goal was, of course, was to hasten the defeat of ageing but we didn’t have any money. So we started out creating a prize pot creating competitions in which we encouraged people to give up money that would go into a prize box and that the competition would be to beat the prevailing world record for mouse longevity. So with all you had to do the mouse that lived longer than any mouse had ever lived before. And of course we weren’t saying how things would be done and we set things up so that even a small improvement would be enough to win some proportion of the prize box. And it worked.

Basically our goal was to raise the profile of longevity research to get the word out and to get people more interested in the possibility of developing medicine to postpone ill health of old age. Well, we were bringing all this money in and right about 2005 or so we had enough money that we felt we could spend some of the prize pot in advance on actually pursuing specific research projects. So that is what we started to do and then things started going pretty well in that regard. But then we had a problem which we started to recognize in about 2008, which was that if you are a research organization you have got to obviously impress people with your competence and you have got your feet on the ground and everything like that and you are doing the right stuff. Well, if you are a PR organization, to get people motivated and so on, then you want to be the opposite – you want to be very popular, sensational, and glitzy. So we felt that it would actually serve the mission better if these two themes of our activities were between two different organizations, which would thereby be able to have very different styles, discourse, and styles of communication. So that is why we created the SENS Research Foundation, which was started in 2009.

SENS Research, of course, is also a charity – a 501-C3 so anyone can get tax back. And because this is going out internationally I should probably mention that we have a subsidiary in the UK which is able to take tax-deductible donations not only for UK citizens but also from most of mainland Europe. And if anyone wants to know about that they can contact us on the website and we will tell them more.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Thanks. We will put all the links in the show notes.

[Aubrey de Grey]: Excellent, thank you so much. So we created the SENS Research Foundation and it has been a truly, and the Methuselah Foundation and all the assets that have been given us research into the new foundation, so both foundations have been made in parallel since that time and I think we have both done pretty well and it is pretty good. So SENS Research Foundation, to go into a bit more detail – we are headquartered in Mountain View, California, just a little south of San Francisco. We have about 5,000 square feet of space in a facility, most of which is lab space. We have a variety of projects going on here. We actually have more than two-thirds of our research budget is not in our facility but rather in five university labs, again most in the USA, but some elsewhere. We have on outside Cambridge, Biotechnology Institute, and these projects are focused on all of the various areas of research there that SENS describes.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yes, and I don’t think we have actually said what SENS stands for – Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence.

[Aubrey de Grey]: That’s right. We don’t often try to spell that out because it is a bit of a tongue twister. The name originally arose because of – well, basically historical reasons within gerontology. The phrase ‘negligible senescence’ already had a particular technical meaning and it seemed like a good place to start. But it is a bit of a tongue twister so we don’t bother to get people to remember that anymore.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thanks. I will put links to all of those, of course, in the show notes. One last thing I just want to ask you, Aubrey, is from a personal stance you have said every few years you are going to test 130 markers or so of your own. Are there any specific things that you feel are important for you to personally track about your body for longevity, health, or performance?

[Aubrey de Grey]: Well, yeah. I mean, I think that first of all, coming back to something that we were talking about earlier, if any one marker is out of whack, you know, it seems like it is really telling a much more pessimistic story than the rest, then you have certainly got to try to ask yourself why, ask yourself whether it really is an outlier, whether it actually has that much impact given everything else as people say, things like that – but it is definitely not something that would be a good idea to ignore. So my one outlier the past couple of times I have done this kind of thing has been homocysteine, and I have no – I am not really sure why my homocysteine level is unusually high because everything else that it is supposed to interact with has not – but it is still something that I pay attention to.

From that, I can certainly say that there are certain things that are really at the nexus of metabolism, things that really if they are extremely good then you will be pretty safe, pretty much with whatever else is happening. Insulin is the best one. And of course, insulin is the hormone that mediates the absorption of sugar after you eat a sugar-rich meal so that the overall concentration of sugar in the bloodstream is maintained at as constant a level as possible. And the precursor of diabetes, type 2 diabetes, is something called insulin resistance, where the cells that take up sugar in response to insulin, which are mainly muscle cells, start to be a little sluggish about it and to only respond when they are given a large amount of insulin. So if your insulin is high, then even if your glucose tolerance, as it’s called, your ability to normalize your glucose in the blood is still good, then the indication is that it won’t be good for very long. Whereas glucose tolerance is good and also your insulin is really low then that says that you are in the best possible state. I would say if you have one thing, that would be it.

Perhaps another one would be triglycerides, whether it is a type of fat which seems to be good to have very little of in your blood stream and again, I am pleased to say that I do.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Thank you very much because those are basically the biggest diseases that we have today, like metabolic syndrome, so those are good markers for that. I guess one of the confusions with biomarkers we are always facing is that we are not sure if it is the end point. So one last question I did have for you was on a Palo Alto longevity prize. I am not sure if you know about that?

[Aubrey de Grey]: I certainly do and I am invited to it.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Oh, great. Because I understand they are running a competition or they have been running a competition for heart rate variability in connection with longevity.

[Aubrey de Grey]: That’s right, yes. So, businessman in the Bay Area in Joon Yun has put up a million dollars as a prize fund for progress against aging. It is divided, actually, into two separate prizes. One of them is looking specifically at heart rate variability, as you say, but the other one is a bit more general. It is looking at what they call homeostatic control or something like that. I forget the exact terminology. But the point here is that the competition is for the attempt to actually extend longevity [inaudible 00:54:06] in this manner. And I think this is great. I mean, the heart rate variability aspect is a bit unusual for people who have not really bought into the idea that this could be a real fulcrum of aging but it might be. And we think it is great to encourage research in any area that hasn’t been terribly well looked at. The main thing is simply putting a million dollars on the table as a great way to get people pretty excited, and a lot of people are paying attention now, especially since in the Bay Area there is a lot of identity of people interested in longevity in general. It’s a great way for a research foundation to be located. So yes, I absolutely applaud them for doing this.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great to hear you are part of that also because we had heard of that from one of our previous guests. Aubrey, thank you so much for your time today. I love to hear all your different ideas of course because you are working at a very high level compared to most people, so you have this perspective that stands back a bit, which can be very helpful to people. Thank you so much for your time and have a great day.

[Aubrey de Grey]: Thank you, and to you. Bye.

Leave a Reply

Toxins negatively impact our health, longevity and performance in a variety of ways. Today we look at one of the most important toxins all of us are exposed to in today’s environment – mercury. It finds its way into our bodies in many ways: through our dental amalgams, the fish we eat, and vaccines, to name a few. Essentially, we are looking at quantifying your mercury burden and detoxification.

What is the impact on our biology, across the different systems and organs? How do we remove this toxin from our bodies once it’s there, and what data metrics can we use to monitor this? Are the effects from mercury toxicity heritable? Can we reverse chronic damage caused by this toxin? In this episode we’ll discuss these topics and more.

Today’s guest is Dr. Chris Shade who has personally pushed mercury burden quantification way beyond traditional tests to get a much clearer view. He has dedicated his career to tackling this problem and to the resolution and treatment of health issues related to chronic mercury contamination.

Dr. Shade is a globally recognized expert on mercury and liposomal delivery systems. He has lectured and trained doctors in the U.S. and internationally on the subject of mercury, heavy metals and the human detoxification system.

In 2006 Dr. Shade started his company, Quicksilver Scientific, which is a CLIA-certified laboratory that specializes in liposomal delivery systems, mercury testing and blood metal testing. He developed the patented mercury speciation technology used at his company. In this episode, we’ll gain a deeper understanding of the biological effects of mercury toxicity, including the effects on future generations.

“Some of these toxins have an effect which is epigenetic or transgenerational where they will actually turn down the response systems (of future generations). This is one of the biggest areas where we need to look at mercury, as a community toxin – as something that is affecting the whole gene pool.”
– Dr. Chris Shade

Besides being the mercury guy, Dr. Shade also has a wealth of information on general detoxification, and other cool subjects like binders, the glutathione system, and essential aspects of reducing general toxin burden. So we are excited to have a two part interview with Dr. Shade, incorporated here in one episode.

The show notes, biomarkers, and links to the apps, devices and labs and everything else mentioned are below. Enjoy the show and let me know what you think in the comments!

itunes quantified body

Show Notes

  • How mercury acts as a toxin by competing for sulfhydro groups, displacing elements such as zinc in enzymatic reactions (4:28).
  • Mercury causes problems in the circulatory system, kidneys and brain (5:30).
  • How mercury affects your sympathetic nervous system, stimulating your fight-or-flight response (5:59).
  • Mercury’s toxic effects on future generations through heritable epigenetic changes to DNA that act to diminish the glutathione system (7:52).
  • An accumulation of metals in the GI tract disrupts the movement of toxins from the liver into the small intestines (18:13).
  • Intestinal binders such as clays and activated charcoal absorb toxins from your GI tract. Chlorella is an intestinal binder that is specific for metals (19:06).
  • Bitters normalize detoxification (20:30).
  • Discussion of sources of the mercury in our bodies- fish, amalgams and vaccines (30:10).
  • Mercury in amalgams is not inert, but volatizes in your mouth every day (32:30).
  • Master switch Nrf2 induces chemoprotective activity, releasing numerous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory genes and enzymes (35:09).
  • Phenomenal clinical response from intraoral liposomal delivery of glutathione-which is required for TH1 response of immune system (37:36).
  • Using molybdenum to enhance the effects of glutathione (40:58).
  • Problems with using the challenge test in determining mercury levels in your body (47:27).
  • Sources and relevance of different forms of mercury – inorganic and methylmercury (48:37).
  • A look at the symptoms of mercury toxicity- effects on the GI tract, joints, neurological system (anxiety and depression), glandular system (thyroid), pituitary system. Also, mercury causes fatigue (59:22).
  • How the brain and other organs accumulate mercury (1:03:58).
  • Large ocean-going fish and the risk of mercury toxicity(1:06:07) .
  • The importance of proper dentistry and amalgam removal (1:08:53).
  • Use of glutathione in binding mercury in the GI tract (1:12:02).
  • The causes of chronic damage from mercury and reversing it with glutathione (1:15:42).
  • Enhancing the production of the chemoprotective gene glutathione-s-transferase though R-Lipoic acid and polyphenolic antioxidants. Discussion of the natural sources of these substances (1:18:23).
  • Reversing epigenetic hyper methylation of genes, removing block caused by mold (1:33:07).
  • Hormetic effect of polyphenols (1:33:55).
  • Variation in length of time for mercury detox (1:38:58).
  • Dr. Shade’s personal regimen for mercury detox and data metrics he uses to track his own progress (1:49:20).
  • Healing of cavitations and rot left by wisdom tooth extractions using nanoparticles of DIM (1:53:04).
Thank Chris on Twitter for sharing his knowledge in the interview.
Click Here to let him know you enjoyed the show!

Dr. Chris Shade and Quicksilver Scientific

Tools & Tactics

Supplements and Interventions

Glutathione System Support

    • Quicksilver Liposomal Glutathione: Detoxifies body by binding toxins such as mercury. Also important for immune function. Liposomal encapsulation in Quicksilver Scientific’s product protects glutathione from digestive enzymes.
    • Quicksilver Liposomal Vitamin C & Alpha-Lipoic Acid: Used to enhance the body’s ability to make glutathione-s-transferase, which binds glutathione and mercury together.
    • Molybdenum: A trace mineral which is a co-factor in detoxification enzymes (SUOX) downstream from glutathione. As glutathione binds to Mercury to detoxify it, sulfites are generated and these need to be detoxified also. Molybdenum helps upregulate Sulfite Oxidase (SUOX), an enzyme that detoxifies the sulfites, and thus enables you to take more glutathione and detox faster without negative symptoms from sulfite intoxication.

Binders

    • Intestinal Metal Detox in “Detox Black Box”: Silica products that bind metals – a product of Quicksilver Scientific sold with other products in the Detox Black Box.
    • Chlorella: A type of algae grown in fresh water, which is used as an intestinal binder specific for metals.
    • Bentonite Clay: An intestinal binder. Binds toxins as it moves through the stomach, but does not get absorbed.
    • Activated Charcoal: Similar to charcoal, but designed to be ingested. An intestinal binder that traps chemicals, preventing them from absorption.
    • Acacia Fiber: A soluble, fiber-based intestinal binder.
    • Cholestyramine: Binds bile in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent its reabsorption.
    • Psyllium Husks: A bulk-forming fiber laxative used as a binder.

Bitters

Bitter herbs that stimulate flow from the bile to the small intestine, which is the route that the toxins take. These aid the body in detoxification by ensuring the essential transport of toxins.

Tracking

Biomarkers

Mercury Speciation Assessment & Other Used by Chris Shade

    • Methylmercury (MeHg): Methylmercury is the type of Mercury that bioaccumulates in our bodies the most. It originates primarily from fish consumption, with some made in the gut through amalgam mercury that is swallowed. Body burden of methylmercury is assessed through whole blood levels, while your ability to detoxify and excrete it is assessed through mercury hair levels, where most of it gets excreted. Ideally these should both be low, but if your body burden is high, it is better to have higher excretion levels, thus indicating a good capacity to detox this type of mercury.
    • Inorganic Mercury (HgII): This type of mercury does not bioaccumulate as easily, however it is far more damaging to the body than methylmercury. It primarily comes from metal amalgam fillings in the mouth. Body burden is assessed via a whole blood measure, while excretion ability is assessed via urinary inorganic mercury, as this is the main excretion route for inorganic mercury. High inorganic mercury levels are nearly always associated with amalgams, potentially hidden ones that you aren’t aware of.
    • Thyroid hormone tests T4 (Total thyroxine) and T3 (Triiodothyronine): A combination of excessive T4 and low T3 is a marker for metal toxins (mercury, cadmium and arsenic).

Popular Mercury Burden Assessments

  • Urinary Mercury Post-Chelation: Chris discussed this as a less accurate, but more popular mercury biomarker, and outlined why chelation challenges were was used based on the history of lab testing detection capabilities in order to estimate Mercury body burden by raising the mercury levels temporarily to more easily detectable levels.
  • Urinary Mercury: Sometimes also called pre challenge urinary mercury, this is a straightforward measure of all mercury excreted in the urine. Depending on the lab equipment used, this method may show you have low or no mercury levels, due to detection limits of the equipment used.

Glutathione System

  • F2 isoprostane, deoxyguanosine, and oxidized LDL: Oxidative stress markers used as downstream markers of glutathione rather than measuring it directly, because glutathione moves too quickly through your system. Made by Cheryl Burdette at Dunwoody Labs. We discuss these oxidative stress markers in depth in The Quantified Body Episode 4, so check there for more information. Dr. Shade just started a clinical trial looking at changes in these markers.

Lab Tests, Devices and Apps

  • Mercury Tri-Test: Testing done by Quicksilver Scientific which involves mercury speciation testing to separate methyl mercury from inorganic mercury, and measure each directly. See Damien’s Quicksilver lab report as an example.
  • Advanced Oxidative Stress Profile: Oxidative stress testing done by Dunwoody Labs, please check link for details.
  • Urine Mercury from Doctor’s Data: This lab which is the popular mercury test used by most doctors was discussed as a comparison method to the speciation method used by Chris Shade. It’s used for the pre and post challenge (chelator) mercury biomarkers. Many doctors use the post challenge test with DMSA as the chelator, and it is sometimes referred to the ‘gold standard’ (the reasons Chris believes this is not accurate are discussed in the interview).
  • Visual Contrast Sensitivity (VCS) Test: Damien mentioned he uses this test to monitor exposures to mold toxins and to test the effectiveness of detoxification binders. It’s on online computer test that provides a screen based on the fact that toxins interfere with your eyes ability to distinguish between subtle contrasts.

Other Resources Mentioned

People

    • Boyd Haley, PhD : Recommended by Dr. Spade. Developing a chelator for mercury detox. Also, he has a product, Oxidative Stress Relief, which assists glutathione in scavenging free radicals.
    • Cheryl Burdette, ND at Dunwoody Labs: Recommended by Dr. Spade. She has lectured together with him at the Metabolic Maintenance Institute. Cheryl is an expert in improving your health by measuring and addressing your oxidative stress; Please check out Quantified Body Ep.4 for details.
    • Leo Cashman at DAMS (Dental Amalgam Mercury Solutions): Director of non-profit organization which educates people on mercury-free and non-toxic dental solutions. Leo is a relentless advocate for safe dentistry, and keeps a list of good dentists.

Books

  • Diagnosis: Mercury: Money, Politics, and Poison: A book by Jane Marie Hightower. Dr. Spade refers to an excerpt about an investigation into the prevalence of mercury poisoning. Affluent women who had neurological problems were found to have high levels of blood mercury. It turned out that they ate large amounts of swordfish.

Full Interview Transcript

Transcript - Click Here to Read
[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Chris, thank you so much for coming on the show.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Thank you. I am very happy to be here Damien.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Excellent. So let’s dive straight into – you have made a really big name for yourself as a mercury kind of guy, and mercury as a toxin. So let’s just look at that straight away. Is mercury a toxin, and what kind of health impacts does mercury have on us? Why is it bad?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: That’s the funny thing. You know, is mercury a toxin? Like we haven’t known for 10,000 years that mercury is a serious toxin, yet for some reason the narrative from the dental associations continues it somehow. It’s not a toxin in your mouth. But it is most definitely a toxin and it has a lot of effects through the whole body and it is just a basic way that it does things. It is by binding to these things called sulphydro groups. They are special kinds of sulphur that really run your antioxidant system. They set the ground for the immune system working and they hold all of your good metals. So if you are using a zinc in an enzyme these sulphydro groups hold the zinc in place. But unfortunately the mercury has an affinity for those same sulphydro groups and it is actually on the order of one to ten billion times higher affinity for those groups than the zinc does. So it starts getting into all the enzymatic reactions and it is important that we are not thinking that these are digestive enzymes. Everybody thinks of enzymes, oh yeah, digestive enzymes.

Now, digestive enzymes make your stomach digest at infinitely higher rates than just the acid in your stomach would do, but enzymes in your cells make reactions happen that aren’t favorable to happen just in the milieu of the cell. So they are really responsible for the whole body really working the way that it does and mercury interferes in all that. At a systemic level it is interfering. At a circulatory level it is creating little inflammatory states in the circulatory system. It is creating porosity or leakiness in the circulatory system. It is creating porosity or leakiness in the brain. It is creating problems in the kidneys and that can go from adrenal fatigue to actual damage to your filtration mechanisms.

In the brain it has got a lot of problems that really set you up for failure. Very specifically it targets the glutamate receptors. So in your brain you have got GABA and glutamate being the dominance of your neurotransmitters. And GABA is sort of your zen neurotransmitter and it puts you into a parasympathetic or resting, digesting, repairing state. And glutamate puts you into a sympathetic system or a sympathetic tone to your autonomic nervous system where it is fight or flight. But it also does good things. It creates memory so you know to stay away from the tiger but it puts you in this stressed state. And when the mercury gets in there, there is a hyper stimulation of the glutamate receptors so you have an exaggeration of being in this sympathetic state. So you start to feel fight or flight all the time and that creates anxiety.

So anxiety is the dominant manifestation neurologically of that but then that leads to fatigue and depression as it burns out the system. So yes, mercury does a lot to your body.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, and I like the explanation you gave because we hear a lot about toxins today. And I don’t think anyone really knows what that means. We take something into our body and it hurts us somehow. But you know, you just described it in a pretty clear way, that it basically gets stuck to bits of our body and changes what it does into something that it shouldn’t be doing or it stops it from doing what it is supposed to be doing.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, and ideally what happens is a toxin gets in there, irritates some part of the system, and there is what is called an hormetic response. Hormesis is irritating the body and the body bounces back with its repair signal to get rid of that. So it will detoxify and then repair. But some of these toxins have an effect that is epigenetic or transgenerational where they will actually turn down your response system and this is one of the biggest things where we need to look at mercury as a – what should I call it? A community toxin. As something that it is doing to the whole gene pool. One of the things that we find in research done on animals is that if we expose an animal in utero to a lot of mercury it is born and it may not have acute mercury toxicity but what it does is create a diminishment of the glutathione system.

The glutathione system is one of the dominant ways that you detoxify and then repair. And so you are suddenly born not with acute mercury toxicity, but with a lifelong susceptibility to further toxic insults. And those toxic insults can be from mercury or other metals or all of the organic compounds, [persistic – 00:05:59] organic pollutants, chlorinated, halogenated hydrocarbons like flame retardants. All of a sudden you are a susceptible organism. And somehow we get away as say industry gets away with saying no, there is no problem with mercury because look, you don’t have acute mercury toxicity.

But it just made this generation of children more susceptible to the next rounds of things coming at them. And the way these toxins will add together and have some of them make you weaker towards other toxins is really what needs to be seen and you and I were talking before the interview about me trying to get people away from thinking just about acute toxicity towards systemic ability to hold back this flood of toxins and really how the body’s defense mechanisms get weaker under various scenarios which then given a moderate burden with a system with integrity, there is no issue. But with a system that has lost integrity due to a number of factors that person is now going to suffer what looks like acute toxicity at much lower levels. So we need to integrate these views of what toxicity and defense mean.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. You touched on so many different angles there. Let’s just nail the epigenetics quickly. So you are saying that it is not actually a transfer from say the mother to the child of mercury itself, but the actual bias or the methylation or acetylation has been biased when it is being transferred because it was already biased in the mother. So you couldn’t detect mercury in that child, for instance. That is what I am kind of getting at.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Exactly. You can right when they come out but it goes away very quickly. All these people – I mean, I started thinking about this when I came on to the scene and all these people come up to me and they are like, ‘I know I am mercury toxic.’ And they send in the test and there is nothing there. And then I went to interviewing them ahead of time. Well, do you have amalgams? No. Do you eat fish? No. It is from my mother. And so the scientist in me was kind of like yeah, yeah, it is all from your mother isn’t it? This is an emotional problem, I think. Until the data started coming out and they would take groups of rats and they would expose one group to mercury while the rat was pregnant with the pups, as they are called, and the other to no mercury.

And then they tracked these and just a little – they would stop the exposure right when they were born and after a couple of weeks the mercury is all gone. But the epigenome is still there. The genome is biased towards having a lower expression of the very thing that it needs. And this bias continued for some time. In fact, what is supposed to happen is that they are born and they are born with a weak defense system because they don’t want to reject the mother. And then it comes out and expresses itself over the couple of weeks after they are born. Because the detox and the immune system come up together. And they are reliant on each other. We never really understood that. We thought they were different things but if your glutathione system is low your whole immune system bias is towards TH2, which is why these sick people have no ability to respond to viruses, which is called TH1. But they are allergic to all their food, and that is called TH2.

So you have got this biased immune system that is predicated on the lowered glutathione system. So back to these animals that are born and their whole glutathione system fails to develop the way it is supposed to. There is no more mercury to point the finger at so we get away with saying, ‘See, it’s not mercury that is the problem but the system is now susceptible to every insult that comes its way.’ And it was because of the exposure at the mother’s level.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That is really interesting. Is this new research or is this ongoing?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Well it has sort of just been pouring out over the last couple of years and you have to be able to see it and connect it to all the stuff that you have seen clinically and tie all those points together. I mean, we are at a point where there is so much research out there but those researchers don’t know how to get it out to you. And they don’t know how to tie it together with a couple of other things. And frankly they are scared, completely scared to say that it actually has any human relevance at all because they are afraid they will lose their funding. Because somehow something happened where all the funding for this kind of toxicity research only goes to environmental data. It only goes to working on animals and looking in the environment. It is never pointed at the human world.

There is some sort of fear, probably at the industrial level of what the – but also at the public health level or public health officials. I think they are afraid of what the implication is with their allowance of mercury in the mouth and in the vaccines. And there is some fear there. And it is very justified and we need people to be able to tie this stuff together that won’t lose their funding and will be able to continue in their profession. So it is people like me, because I don’t get funding from anybody. That may kill me but I don’t think that will be happen.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That is not going to happen anytime soon. You have been around long enough. You have been doing this for around 20 years now?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: No, it just feels like that. I had been in graduate school in mercury research since 2000. So that is almost 15 years. But I started this company in 2006 and I really only started doing clinical work in this company in 2009.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. So a couple of things that I wanted to tie up that you were saying before. You talked about glutathione and how mercury affects glutathione. Then you were talking about the fact that we have a toxin like mercury in our system and if we have things in our system that protects us we can be okay with a relatively high level of mercury if our system is really good at dealing with it, right?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Exactly.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So what is that system? I mean, it is glutathione? Is it other things?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Beautiful – thank you so much for saying what is that system because that is what I am always trying to teach. Glutathione on its own is relatively impotent. It needs – it has got so many functions through the body but it needs enzymes that drive it into each of those functions. So if we wanted to quench hydrogen peroxide or fix that lipid peroxide, we need glutathione peroxidase to make that happen. If we wanted to bind to mercury that is stuck to a protein, we need glutathione as a transferase. So we need the glutathione. We need the glutathione as a transferase to catalyze the movement of the mercury. Or, let’s side track – or arsenic, or cadmium. Transfer that from the cellular protein on to the glutathione.

Use the glutathione as a transferase. But now we have got, in the cell, a mercury-glutathione conjugate and we want to get that out of the cell. And now we need the transport system, and these are membrane transport proteins called multidrug resistance proteins and they are going to use ATP and magnesium to shuttle that mercury glutathione conjugate from the cell to the blood.

Now, we have got another transporter in that family to pull it from the blood, into the liver, then other transporter. Then dump it from the liver into the small intestine through the bile duct. Those transporters are also working in the proximal tubules of the kidney and they are working in the intestines. So we have this movement from cell to blood. Well, first, we have conjugation with the metal, movement from cell to blood, then filtration out of the blood through kidney, liver, and intestine. And right all there is the whole game of detoxification.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So you are talking about transporter proteins at each one of those steps?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: At each one of those steps so we need from inside the cell to out of the cell and then we need filtration and those are also transporter proteins and they go into the liver, right to the intestine, or into the kidney and into the urine. Of all those, the movement into the liver is the most important and that movement can be blocked and especially what gets blocked very easy is the movement and then the propagation of that movement from the liver into the intestine. It will move from the liver into the gallbladder through the bile transport and then to the small intestine. And what I see a lot of is a block between liver and small intestine.

Now, we go to our tribal knowledge, the greatest – we shouldn’t even call them tribal because they have become very scientific over 10,000 years – our systems of Chinese medicine and ayurvedic medicine. In Chinese medicine, liver, small, intestine, you bring that up to good TCM guys and they understand that as a communication system. And in our new biochemical science there is great work that demonstrates how liver and small intestine decide together how to metabolize toxins, both endogenous ones that we create and exogenous ones, the ones we take in. And when they lose the ability to communicate there is this disruption in detoxification and that disruption that blocks the movement from the liver into the small intestine I see all the time. And it can come through an accumulation of metal in the GI tract.

So in our teaching of how to detoxify, fundamental to it is to move the metals and other toxins out of the intestine and that goes back to really what has been known for a long time in naturopathy in what they call generically intestinal binders. Intestinal binders are things that move through the stomach and are not absorbed, but as they go through the GI tract they absorb the toxins. So this is the simplest of those, the clays and activated charcoal.

Then we move into ones that are more specific for metals and in the naturopathic world that is chlorella, which is insoluble cell walls of single-celled algae. And in those walls there are sulphydro groups that are bound to those walls and those sulphydro groups do the metal binding. And then you move up through ones that we have designed to have lots of sulphydro groups, like the product that we make that is a doctor product called IMD. And these are silica products, silica particles that are not absorbed. They have incredibly high surface area. They make clays look like low surface area – 300 yards per gram of this. And they have the sulphydro groups all bound onto that surface. And they go through and they bind all those metals and they take them away from those transport proteins and away from the walls of the stomach. So this chlorella can move more toxin down to the GI tract.

So working from the small intestine to clear up the small intestine, allow it to sort of reassociate with the liver, is really, really big. And one of the things that I am moving into my product line now that I am just totally enamored with is bitters. We have been using bitters – at the turn of the century it was the cure-all for everything in this new world here, but it is an old European thing. Forever the European [lineages 00:20:42] have loved bitters because bitter herbs like gentian and dandelion stimulate flow from the bile to the small intestine. And that is the route in which these toxins are moving. And we have cholestasis, blockage of the gallbladder, failure to move bile in for – bile does two things. It moves in to digest fats but it is also the highway along which all the toxins are moving. So, using bitters is really, really important for normalizing detoxification.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, so basically the main principle that you have here is you are trying to ensure that the flow is continued, right? That is one of the roles of the bitters, for example. And you are also trying to make sure the toxins are not reabsorbed and they are bound to exit them, which is what you are talking about with the binders. There are bile binders and then some of the other ones you are talking about. You did mention your product and you said it was a bit different. You called it IMD. What does IMD stand for?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Intestinal metal detox.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay, all right. So the function of it, basically.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: The function is very specifically for the metals and it is to – so if we back up into the binders then we have got a world of different chemicals coming in. And there is no binder that can get every one of those different chemicals with all of their different properties. So there are classes of chemicals that each binder is good at. The most universal binder is charcoal and it does a little bit of everything. Now, you have got metal-specific binders like IMD – very, very powerful on metals and seems to do good on mold toxins but that is really its world there. Then you have got the clays like bentonite, zeolite. I know the zeolite marker is the thing that binds everything. But its ability to bind mercury is like zero. But it is very good on a number of different pesticides and herbicides.

In the mold toxins, almost all the mold toxins so on to charcoal beautifully except for the food-based mold toxin aflatoxin, which is very specific for bentonite or zeolite. And then you have got one of my favorite other binders chitosan. And that is known in the health world as being a fat binder but it is not a fat binder. It is a bio binder. The prescription biobinders are cholestyramine and welchol. Chitosan is virtually identical to welchol. The strongest of them all is cholestyramine but it can be a little binding in terms of making you constipated. So I liked a cocktail of cholestyramine, activated carbon, a little bentonite or zeolite and the IMD. And you covered everything.

The reason that we like the bio-binders that we didn’t mention in terms of toxins is because the biological toxins, Richie Shoemaker is the original guru on this. The biotoxins that you will get from molds, both growing in you and growing around you, are conjugated to different things like leukaronic acid and sulphate and they go down to the GI tract and they are biomed very effectively by cholestyramine, welchol, and chitosan, and protected against reuptake because they are internally recirculated. They have biliary recirculation and you reabsorb them. So you want those to stick on to the cholestyramine, welchol, or chitosan.

The other big toxins that are really big there are lime toxins. Lyme toxins are horrible for you, as are candida toxins. So all of those biological toxins really go after those what we call the biobinders. And that is their importance. So you put this cocktail together and you have got all toxins together and my experience with that was dramatic in terms of its clearing of my nervous system. I cleared my liver and kidneys and my immune system was functioning great by doing this metal-based stuff, but then when I did this cocktail of binders I had a very radical experience with my nervous system. It really brought it up to a higher borderline [inaudible – 00:25:17].

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, I wasn’t aware we would have this discussion. I have been playing with binders myself a lot. I have been on the Shoemaker protocol because I had those kinds of issues. Later Lyme as well came along. So we are talking about these things and one of the things I was playing around with was substituting, because I was on CSM for a while, and substituting that with other things.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Cholestyramine, yeah.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Cholestyramine, yeah, which I didn’t want to take forever because it is a drug and you mentioned some of the drugs. So I stopped taking that and I replaced with soluble fiber, just like Psyllium Husk supplements. And there is this thing called the VCS, the visual contrast sensitivity test. Mine is perfectly clear all the time now as long as I am taking soluble fiber.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: And if you stop with the fiber it gets worse?

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Well, I haven’t done that experiment. I like to feel good.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Because you kind of like it. Let’s list through the other fiber-based binders because my new best friend in the fiber-based binders is acacia gum and that is a soluble fiber. It is really cheap and one of the other things that these do, certainly the acacia gum, I think pectin does this, and they normalize the immune system and the GI tract to get you away from that hypersensitivity that people chronically get where they can’t eat everything but they host every bug under the sun. So to normalize that immune function there is a big thing and that is going to then keep down inflammatory states and increase detoxification because I didn’t say – GI inflammation breaks down this whole track of detoxification and it actually shuts down all the transport proteins until you can break that. So the soluble fibers are a big part of that and Gary Gordon was telling me that there is another product that he says replaces CSM and it is another fiber that we think of for prostate. It is almost a polyphenol. It will come to me – beta-sitosterol, that is also remembered to have these effects as well. And you are just using cilium?

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That is what I have been using for a while. I was using chlorella and [inaudible 00:27:40] and throwing everything in there but I actually haven’t been doing that consistently so it is just the cilium. It’s an experiment. It’s an N equals 1 experiment.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, well I would encourage you to try chitosan, charcoal, some clay, and IMD together, do the other fibers during the day and at night do this in a pretty decent dose, so you are taking a quarter to a half a teaspoon to see what happens. I mean, originally I started kind of stemming, like autistics do, and then there was this big flush of light through my nervous system.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, people are probably thinking this sounds crazy right now, but I have had some experiences where you bind this stuff and it is coming out of you. You will feel suicidal, you go to the toilet, and you feel like a new man. You feel great. So at first I thought I was going crazy but this stuff has happened several times. It is a repeatable experiment.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: And you get to see – I mean, you can do it at a slow rate and do it without having side effects if you are doing it – you have to have your system under pretty good control before you do high doses. I mean, one of the basics I teach are you start really slow and you titrate up because it can’t take you where we could go right now right away. It will disregulate the system instead of fix you. And the other thing is pulsing on and off with things that have genetic upregulation, the plant chemicals that turn up your antioxidant system and you have to pulse them on and off.

You have to work from slow up to high but once you have stabilized your system you’re not going to have what I call the cellular revolution, where you bring yourself up to higher functioning until you get through some high doses of things. But you have to get to know your system and you have to be able to know how to take yourself through those experiences.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: This is fascinating stuff. You have obviously had a ton of experience to guide you through this because I haven’t had a discussion quite like this before. That is really interesting. I didn’t know we were going to talk about this. Let’s talk about this or let’s talk about mercury quantification, which we shall talk about.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: All the way at the limits of where this goes.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Well, it’s interesting because you started with mercury, of course. And then you led to this other stuff, which is all related because of the toxins and so on. So let’s just take a step back and say a lot of people don’t realize that we all have mercury in our bodies. But where is it coming from? Why do we all have mercury in our bodies?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Mercury is an element. It is neither created nor destroyed, which means it is always out there but the problem is when we start focusing it into different areas and using a lot of it that it gets out in very high amounts on a broadly distributed level or mining of hydrocarbons that brings it out and fertilizes the air with it. Because mercury and the environment concentrates into areas that have a lot of organic matter like the jungles and swamps that produce our hydrocarbons. And so we fertilize it into the air and it rains down into the water bodies and where there is a chemistry conducive to it forming this form called methyl-mercury that moves up the food chain into the fish and we will have fish with one to ten million times higher level that water around it. So our fish are now a source of mercury.

They have always been a source of mercury coming out of volcanos and with natural cycling, but we have it at higher levels now than we used to. Then in the fish there are different fish that have high levels and low levels and in a second we will talk about them. So the main sources now, we have got the fish and then we have got where we have concentrated it down. We have mined it, we have turned it into a metal, and then we have stuck it in our mouth like that’s a smart idea. I mean, who the F thought of that?

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, right. For the people at home if you have silver in your mouth basically, that is probably an amalgam, which means it has mercury in it, is that correct?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, I mean unless it’s a nickel cast, in which case it is nickel. Do you know what the term nickel means? Nickel is Old Nick’s metal. Old Nick was the devil because the guys who worked with nickel – it just ruined them. They turned totally crazy and they couldn’t even figure out how to fix them. So it was Old Nick’s metal, that’s nickel. Mercury, [inaudible 00:32:03] HG was water silver, and it’s really a phenomenally useful metal in chemistry and it does so many different things that it was even used in medicine. But it is just such a slippery creature it easily turns bad on you. So your metal fillings were 50% mercury and maybe 48% silver and then a bunch of other metals that help harden it and bring it together. And the word from the dental people is that it is inert. It is not inert, it is just less volatile than it was as the liquid mercury. And it is volatilizing off of your amalgams every day.

We can put a little meter in there and show you. It is not only volatilizing but it is corroding and so you are swallowing one form as a corrosion product that goes through your GI system. You don’t absorb that but it disregulates your GI system and your detox system. The other form is inhaled as a vapor, which goes right into your blood, right into your brain, right everywhere it wants to. And then breaks down the mercury vapors called elemental mercury and then it breaks down into inorganic mercury, which is when it starts getting into your systemic reactions and your enzymes and your cells. That is when it starts wreaking its havoc. So our main sources now are fish and amalgam. Secondary sources are vaccines but vaccines are rapidly either losing their mercury and gaining aluminum instead. But mercury, if you don’t have amalgam or fish you likely don’t have a real big source unless you have a source in your house.

There was a lot of mercury in industry and pharmacy and there are houses people move into where somebody used to be a pharmacist and spilled a bottle of mercury in there. They used to bring it back and give it to their grandkids to play around with because it was a liquid and a lot of it would move around. And in the big picture I believe that we’re a lot more sensitive to mercury now than we used to be. That is kind of a long discussion about it but our earlier discussion about epigenetic modification of the system that makes you more sensitive to mercury is a big part of that. I think as a population we are more sensitive to the toxic inputs than we used to be. And then you are going to hate it when I tell you what happens when you get mold exposures.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: I am really interested. I have been through all that protocol. What do you understand about Shoemaker’s and the connection there?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Well I don’t think Shoemaker ever knew the connection. He just focused on the mold. And we think oh, well, it’s the mold that is making me toxic, it’s not mercury. So the mold – well, first let’s get back to your response to toxins. Your response is based on the glutathione system. But in the cytoplasm of the cell you have got this big master switch called the NRF2. When it gets triggered it goes into the nucleus and it tells your nucleus to turn on all the chemo-protective genes. So all the detox, boom, it comes up and clears everything out. The mold toxins epigenetically stop you from making the NRF2 protein.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That’s so nasty.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: It’s awful.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: It’s really terrible and NRF2 is coming up a lot now because it is one of the tools people are using to detoxify.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, so everybody goes okay, good, then we’ll throw these plant chemicals at them. It will turn it up and everything will get better. Now, that should have already happened. And it won’t. And it should have told you to turn up your glutathione level and get rid of all this stuff but it didn’t. So now, even when I come at you with a plant-based chemical to turn that up, it doesn’t work. The switch is broken so I have to give you glutathione and I have to find a way to get it in. That is a trick. I have to slowly, slowly nurse you back to health until we can get the toxins out and until we can get that epigenetic influence away and start you running your system yourself. That’s why it is so hard to fix the multi exposure, chronically-ill person. That is why it took you so many years and so many things to get back. That data is just coming out now.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Wow, so you are directly – I am guessing you are using your glutathione delivery [inaudible 00:36:32] and stuff to go directly?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Right, and we have such great clinical response for that so using an intraoral liposomal delivery, you have to make the liposomes to do this in a certain size range, a certain purity range, and you can absorb right through the oral cavity as you are swallowing it through the upper GI. The liposomes have a great potential but they are really based around all their great data with all through subculture studies and injections. Once it hits the acid it is one thing, in the stomach, but the bile and the lipase – they are [surfactants 00:37:16]. They destroy your liposome system and so you really have to get absorption going as soon as you can in the upper areas.

So we have gotten phenomenal clinical response using this intra-oral delivery of glutathione and with the sick people we have to go real slow because it stimulates so much response in the system. And the most classical thing that we see is after a couple of weeks on our system the people who had Lyme disease but were the 70% of them that were non-testers, they go through a crisis and you test them and they all test positive. Because the glutathione is what the TH1 response of your immune system to that invasion is predicated on adequate glutathione. And when it doesn’t have it, it can’t create the immune response which is the basis of the testing for the Lyme.

So all of a sudden they feel like crap and I say go get your Lyme test or your Epstein-Barr test or your mycoplasma test. Test as much as you can and boom, boom, boom, I was positive for all these things when they weren’t before. And so it has really proven to be a great way to get the glutathione into the system.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So just take a step back there. You said that you can clinically test if it is having an impact. So when you add liposome or glutathione, what are you seeing? Are you looking at new blood markers or what is going on there?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Well that was the problem in the beginning and it is true for all the guys who make any kind of delivery of glutathione. It is very difficult to look at blood levels of glutathione, give them a dose, and see it happen. Because the glutathione very quickly propagates through the system and your blood has kind of set points for the glutathione level in the blood. And that signal kind of wipes out what you’re trying to look at there. So you kind of have to look at end markers. And so as a sort of community of people who make glutathione products were just finding how to test these. So I had talked to you about using some of the marker tests. I talked to you about talking to Cheryl Burdette from Dunwoody because they have nice F2-isoprostane, deoxyguanosine, oxidized LDL.

We just started a clinical trial where we are looking at changes in those markers because really biopsies would be the best thing. But most people aren’t up for biopsy testing. It is a little tricky and so we are just starting to find all the markers to really read and to quantify that. When I say clinically it has been working out well, looking at people’s response to it. Now using the test is people are testing positive for Lyme where they hadn’t before because the Lyme tests were all based on the body’s immune reaction to Lyme, not on testing the Lyme itself. So the glutathione has been working out really, really well for us.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Excellent. We spoke to Cheryl Burdette before about those markers, so people can go and check out that episode if they don’t know what we are talking about there. But basically you are looking at the downstream impact of the glutathione rather than try to measure it directly. So you can see [inaudible 00:40:33].

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Exactly, it’s a real trick.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Well, it’s nice. That is a nice way to look at it. So you said that you have to go very easy with adding liposomal glutathione to people so I tried many times to use liposomal glutathione personally and I feel way, way worse whenever I do that. So I guess I am fitting into your situation there?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, you have to move slow and make sure that you have enough [inaudible 00:40:58] in your system. I mean, that was one of the greatest things towards helping detox that has come from the methylation groups like Ben Lynch and [inaudible 00:41:08] and all the methylation obsessors. It is the integration of the methylation in with the sulphur metabolism cycle like [inaudible 00:41:19] beta-synthase and suox where they are taking sulphur groups, spinning them out towards sulphate, and they are building up as sulphite and you are getting sulphite toxicity. And so when you are taking things from the garlic and onion, the [altium 00:41:39] groups and the broccoli seed extract. A lot of people would feel much worse on them and they would say it’s a herxheimer or a detox reaction, or I am killing my bugs that are dying off. No, you have sulphide toxicity because they all have upregulated probably epigenetically as well as straight up genetically have upregulated CBS activity. They are spitting everything towards sulphate. It is building up as sulphite, which is a toxin, and they feel toxic from it. You give them Molybdenum and that whole pathway is smoothed out. I was one of them too.

And because they are like that I moved towards using polyphenols as NRF2 upregulators and the only sulfur compound I use is lipoic acid because I can get a lot of upregulation without a whole lot of sulfur. And I didn’t know exactly why that was and now I know it is CBS issues. And I stayed away from using too much of the alliums and the crucifers. But now we know molybdenum can help them use that.

Now, back to the glutathione you are bringing a lot of sulphur back into the system and you may need molybdenum to help move that but you want to start with low doses. A lot of people, like if you were using one of the other products that is out on the market. Most of them are dosed in teaspoons or sachets that are 400 to 500 mg per dose and it is way too much. And one of my friends who got me in early in this world is one of the now late and great old heroes in this movement and that was Hal Huggins. And he had done a lot of work with liposomal glutathione and he said no more than 100 mg, I think 25 mg. And there are a number of reasons for that. One is that you have to start high but you also have to see what byproducts are in the liposomal glutathione.

if you are smelling a lot of hydrogen sulfide that is not a liposome, that is hydrogen sulfide. And some of these products decay very quickly and so some of those can irritate the sulphur system. So you will have to nurse back – one, you have to deal with the glutathione stimulating your immune system and the detox system and two you have to handle all the sulfur that is coming into the system so you have to start low. I mean, ours can dose by the pump and each pump is 50 mg of glutathione and for really sick people it is like that once a day and then we slowly work you up. I mean, as you get into this deep, you might be doing 500 mg twice a day.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That’s amazing. Chris, you are full of a wealth of information on this detox subject. So anyway you have this company called Quicksilver Scientific where you establish this testing which is different to a lot of the functional medicine testing which looks at mercury.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Oh yeah, this is totally different.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, can you give a quick background on the original testing that you were in that posed a challenge and the weaknesses of that and then what you have done to quantify the burden as best as possible?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, so the challenge test is what was in place here before I got here. And there was a reason to use challenge tests years ago. There is still some reason to use them but they don’t give you a whole lot of information about your mercury. And this is for a couple of reasons. And they are also the hardest on the patients that need this the most, the really chronically ill people. So a challenge test, you take some chelater that solubalizes mercury in your blood and lymph and drops it through your kidneys. And it accentuates a signal that was already there. So if your urine is say, two points of mercury and we give the chelator it becomes 20 points of mercury. If your urine is three points it becomes 30 points. You know, maybe it is 100 fold.

We will go 100 fold for DMPS. SO it goes from 2 to 200 and 3 to 300, so it becomes much easier to see what is going on there. And we didn’t used to have super-sensitive equipment and obviously quite often we would see no mercury in the urine until we would chelate it and then we would see mercury. And that was just because our detection limits, how low we could see, weren’t very good. So we needed to stimulate the urinary output so that it came up to the window where we could see it. Right now we can see just about everybody at just about any level and we don’t need that stimulation anymore.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Does that go for everyone’s tests? Like the doctor’s data and all of these other labs? Are they a much lower detection limit now or is it your specific ones?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Well, they could. I think they are still doing it the same way. They could have limits where they are much lower, but they are really running things the same way they always have and that makes it, for your end – it is making it affordable for you. It is a fairly cheap way to see all the metals at once.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, if you use the post challenge, like you were saying.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Right, yeah, but if you want to really get all of the biochemical information, the biosignature of the mercury in the body, you have to move towards what we do. But now, just back towards one of the hitches with doing a challenge test, number one, if your excretion of metals out of your kidney is strongly impaired you will not get that metal that has been solubilized in your blood and lymph and out through your kidney you will get a false positive and you will feel like hell.

Number two, if you are – well, two is kind of an extension of the first one. If you are chronically ill moving that much mercury around other metals around at once makes you feel really bad. And that is not what you need.

Number three, you don’t know what form of mercury you are building up. Was it methylmercury from fish? Was it inorganic mercury from your amalgams? What was going on in there? So there is a limitation on how much information you get about source and of course, it could be totally blocked by excretion markers.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So they just put out one class of mercury. You don’t know what type of mercury is there? Are the only types that are bad for us methylmercury and inorganic mercury?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Well no, there are other bad forms you just don’t get it so much. So methylmercury is an organomercurial but in the vaccines it was ethyl mercury, which was also an organomercurial. But the ethyl mercury pretty quickly breaks down into inorganic mercury in the body. So really you have got elemental mercury coming into you through the air from your amalgams or from your environment. That is becoming inorganic mercury. You have got methylmercury coming in from the fish, which stays as methylmercury but some of it breaks down to inorganic mercury. Then you have got ethyl mercury from vaccines coming in and that is really ending up as inorganic mercury too. So the most relevant measures are the inorganic and the methylmercury.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thanks for that clarification.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: And then when you get over to our testing we want to know how much of which is in there and we are going to go – we are going to do blood, hair, and urine. And blood is – everybody talks about burden. What is the body burden? So a lot of what grew up around the challenge test is the challenge test was really a way that given our old technology we could see and get a good feel for what was in there for what we had available to us in technology. But everybody grew this mythology up that it was the only way to see the body burden and this mythology that somehow these chelators mystically got into every cell, took a representative amount, and came up through your kidney and told you what the body burden was. In those from the 90s through early 2000s, a lot of academic groups went and evaluated whether that was correct. And I have a white paper that is on our new website about challenge testing and it discusses those five papers. And those five papers came to the conclusion that all that signal was there in the testing without the chelators, the chelators just accentuated what was going on. However, you did need decent testing to show that. And now we have that testing available to us.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Has it got a specific name or are you using something different?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: The testing that we are doing is called mercury speciation testing where the speciation part is separating in the samples, separating the methylmercury from the inorganic mercury so we can look at them independently.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And is there a level you are looking at? Like, is there a specific – when you say it is lower level.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Well people used to be able to test – first it was in the parts per million range and it didn’t seem much and then they got down into parts per billion. We can look into parts per trillion to parts per quadrillion level. And this was all necessary for doing environmental stuff. So I built my analytical system at the University of Illinois and we built it to look at this parts per quadrillion levels of environmental mercury and then when I came into clinical we applied it to clinical. And the other thing that was out there about clinical testing in the challenge world was that blood was a lousy marker and it only showed you the last two to three days of exposure.

Now, I don’t know how that go out there because since the 70s they have known that the half-lives of these forms of mercury were anywhere between 50 and 70 days in healthy people and out to 240 days in unhealthy people. But somehow the mythology became two to three days. But really blood’s problem was that it disproportionately showed you your methyl mercury burden over your inorganic mercury burden and once we separated these two it became very, very clear and that was just because of the way that methylmercury distributed between blood and organs versus how inorganic mercury distributed between blood and organs.

Once we separate them, they are phenomenal measures. In fact, methylmercury is a perfect measure of body burden. Inorganic is pretty good – it is not perfect but it is pretty good. It is a little bit slower to distribute between when the blood comes down and it is slow to come out of the organs and resupply, so it is a little bit slow. So urine had always been used for inorganic mercury exposure because urine is all inorganic mercury. And if your kidneys are working well it is a very good representation of what the blood is, which is then a representation of what the body is. But if the kidney transporters are not working well and this is almost universally how the sick people are – they have got low filtration capacity and the urine is falsely low, giving you a false negative. It is only once we can directly compare mercury in the urine, inorganic mercury in the urine, to the blood inorganic mercury that we have got a direct measure of the metal filtration capacity of the kidneys and with that marker right there, those combinations of the blood inorganic mercury and the urinary mercury was a beautiful one to see this blockage and detoxification.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, so the change for you has been a lower level of detection for the urine plus the blood and you also had the hair in. Why are you adding the hair test?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: So urine is our excretion measure for inorganic mercury. Blood is our reservoir or burden measure for inorganic mercury. Then blood is our burden marker, our reservoir marker, for methylmercury as well, so methylmercury as well, so blood methylmercury. And then our excretion marker for methylmercury is the hair. Ideally because methylmercury doesn’t come out the urine. It is conjugated to glutathione and goes through the liver, bile, small intestine, fecal excretion. But there is a lot of changes to it as it goes through the GI tract and so the ideal measure would be bile, a bile to blood measure, but we can’t get that.

Hair has a history of papers done on it where the sickest people for a given exposure have the lowest mercury levels in the hair. And so the hair to blood ratio, blood, methylmercury very hair, hair is all methylmercury. There is no inorganic mercury excreted in the hair. So the hair to blood is our methylmercury excretion measure, whereas urine to blood is our inorganic mercury excretions.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So it is showing how well it is getting excreted.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yes.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So it correlates well with the stool because some gets excreted in the stool?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: It correlates pretty well with the stool. Really getting a good stool measure, you would want two days collection homogenization and you send it in. People really don’t like doing tests.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. Is that why you don’t do it? It’s not something people like doing?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: There’s no compliance on that unless you have got serious GI parasites and then people will do anything. And if they don’t have parasites they don’t want to do that. They just don’t want to do that so we use the hair as a surrogate measure for how the excretion is working.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, excellent. So with this, what type of mercury it is and how well it is getting excreted or not?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, we do. And once you get used to looking at that whole picture you can look at some other processes in there. For instance, say you have only got – now let’s talk about relative toxicity of the different forms. But not nearly as toxic to the cells as inorganic mercury is. And methyl usually has a rap for being the most toxic. But it is just absorbable. So if I feed you inorganic mercury you won’t absorb it. It will just ulcerate your GI tract. It won’t make it to the brain. But if I feed you methylmercury you absorb it, it goes to the brain, and you see it’s toxic. But once they are in the body the inorganic mercury is more toxic. And if we look at animals that eat fish, the ones that demeth a lot, they break down methylmercury into inorganic mercury, they have the highest toxicity in the body.

In the brain they have the highest neurotoxic lesions on the glutamate receptors, or what I was talking about before, this hyper anxiety which causes neuroinflammation. We are able to see fish eaters without amalgams who is releasing more of the methylmercury, breaking it down into inorganic mercury. We know that those people are going to do worse on fish than the people who don’t break down so much. So we contract that demethylation movement. In other animals the toxicity from demethylation is in the liver. So we know that demethylation is a risk factor for fish eaters and we’re able to see how that methylmercury drops down into the inorganic mercury pool. So there are a couple of things that we see about how the body is processing these different forms of mercury.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, fantastic. We have kind of already gone over our mark and there is so much more to talk about because you kind of know all these other subjects. Would it be better to have another episode another date?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: We can definitely follow up and talk about treatment approach and results that we have seen, hitches in the road. There is something down here about biomarkers I like to test. I think that should be a whole separate interview.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah great because we have already covered so much here. So just to leave off today, just to get it clear for people, who should consider that mercury could be behind some issues they have, whatever they are. We talked about the anxiety, specifically, but in your opinion, if you are someone at home what kinds of things would you be suspicious of and think about, getting this types of tests?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, well one, do you have the source? Because the dysfunction that comes is common to a lot of dysfunctions or common to a lot of disease states, these morbidities we talk about. But the most common ones that come around with amalgam-based mercury are GI, joint, then fatigue issues. It is wearing down and weighing on the system.

The neurological problems, and this can come from amalgam or fish are anxiety and depression. The depression can either go along with the adrenal fatigue and sort of chronic fatigue pain syndrome that can be caused by the metals or you can have anxiety and depression cycles where anxiety is keeping you sympathetically stimulated until you crash and go into depression. So that sort of constellation of problems is the most obvious one.

In the glandular system, mercury is a serious glandular toxin and thyroid is most commonly hit by it and you will see if you are looking at quantifying things, mercury and then also cadmium and arsenic poison the deiodinase that takes T4 to T3, so if you are pooling up T4 and failing to get adequate T3, that’s a pretty specific marker for metal toxins, mercury for one but cadmium and arsenic also do that. Pituitary disregulation on a metal side is more specifically mercury and it builds up in the pituitary.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, and the pituitary can have impacts on lots of things?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Every gland. So if we were looking at hormones and you found it was your failure to make testosterone it is not peripheral, that it is – you are failing to get stimulation from the pituitary and you are not making the – I forget which one it is now, luteinizing hormone or whichever one it is that stimulates testosterone. If the pituitary is failing [inaudible 01:01:12].

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thank you for your overview, Chris. That will help people kind of put a frame around everything we have been talking about today. Yeah, let’s continue this discussion with the other parts to treatment and some of the products and protocols and things that you have used and how you have been tracking progress and so on on another date.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, because then when we get to talking about that you will see that oh my God, this isn’t just mercury when we treat it. We are treating that globally-dysfunctional glutathione system. These things that we thought were side effects of detoxification like all this fatigue is the immune system actually responding to chronic infections. So it is a much bigger thing than going after mercury, it is going after bringing the wellness back to the body.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Well, that’s great. Chris, it has been great connecting with you, really. I think you have helped me with a few of my personal things with this discussion already and you are a fantastic talker. I look forward to having you on the show again.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: All right, thanks so much. You take care now, Damien.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Have a great day.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Bye.

[End of Audio Part One

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So, what I think we have left is to basically talk a little bit about finalizing the [inaudible 01:02:47] test. Is that the best we are going to be able to get in terms of mercury burden testing? Your perspective on that?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Well, I think it is going to take some time but the next generation will be figuring out a way to be imaging it organs, especially the brain. I think the one trick that we still have is that we are trying to apply some number that we get to the mythical body burden. I think that certain people end up hyper accumulating it in different organs and this is something that people who do applied kinesiology or things like that have long –

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Can MRIs pick this up?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: No, I don’t think they can.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Some of the scans they are using to identify lead in bones, for example, could use similar approaches?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: There might be something that they are using for the bone lead and they will figure out how to do it for mercury. Mercury is present at much lower concentrations. I think they just haven’t figured out how to do that yet. It may be ten plus years away or more, but eventually we will be able to see that because there seems to be a hyper accumulation that happens in some people. The brain, for certain, is a big issue when you have a lot on the brain and certain people exposed to it, certain mercury vapor, and can have a lot in their brain. And even after the blood levels and the whole body levels have come down, the brain, because of the blood brain barrier is very, very slow to release the mercury. So people that were dental assistants years ago, it is really hard to test them and know what is happening neurologically. I think other organs hyper accumulate too, especially the thyroid and maybe the prostate and ovaries. So that will be the next level up, doing that kind of a thing.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, but you think it is quite a way off, like a decade?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, I haven’t seen that we have that technology yet.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And you also mentioned it is in lower concentrations. So it sounds like it is more toxic than lead at lower concentrations and we have lower concentrations so it is going to be harder to detect than the [inaudible 01:04:58].

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yes, for sure.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: All right. So, you also mentioned dentistry, like people working in dentistry and their exposure to mercury. I guess that is one of the most – the kind of biggest cases that you may come across in normal dentistry. So I am just wondering if that is a big area of your practice? People getting tested and coming up with the highest levels?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: I can’t say that they always have the highest levels because we are working with biological dentists, so they have already made the leap into understanding the toxicity and they are basing the value of their practice on offering mercury-safe dentistry. So they have already started to protect themselves. They remove things in a highly-protected environment. They don’t leave amalgams sittings around. They don’t install amalgam. So they don’t tend to be super high. If we were just getting general practice dentists, I think we would see them being pretty high.

But by and large, the highest people that we see are people who eat a lot of fish, that are high up the food chain. A lot of tuna and swordfish, large ocean-going fish. And usually if they have that and they have amalgams too at the same time their detox system is weak and they are loading a lot of mercury in, all the time.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. So to give you a quick personal thing, I had some mercury removed from my teeth last week in LA. It’s a bit of an interesting story because first of all, I didn’t realize I had any mercury and what happened is I was in Thailand three year ago and they have good professional dentistry and medical services and it is offshore, low-cost, but pretty high standards. So they did remove some amalgams but they didn’t remove them completely. They left some underneath the new composite resin placed on top, which I don’t know if you have come across before. And then they actually gave me a report which said there were no amalgams left. So I have had chronic health issues and I was going forward thinking like –

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, I do run into this fairly often because they leave that in there as a structural support and they are just kind of being too lazy to pull it out because then they will have to do some real reconstructive work.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, yeah, so it turned up in the x-rays that he biological dentist in LA was like, ‘Oh, this really shiny thing, that is probably mercury.’ And sure enough, once she dug in there, there was mercury that was oxidized. It looked really messed up in there. So is that something that happens a lot? I am just wondering if I am really unlucky.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: No, it happens more than we would like to think, even some of the biological dentists do that. They are not supposed to and most of the guys that I work with are really, really good. But I have certainly seen it happen before and for sure with a lot of the mainstream dentists because they regard it a good structural thing. And thing well now it is sort of buried underneath this composite and it is not reacting with the environment anymore and maybe it’s not a problem, but I have definitely been able to see that. If you come to me and you don’t really eat much fish at all and all your amalgams are gone and I analyze you I should see certain levels. So I have been able to pick that up in certain people and say yeah, you probably have amalgam under your crowns. And I am usually right about that based on just our testing and being able to see what is still left over.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. So it is pretty important to choose the right dentist if you want to get this stuff removed to make sure it is done properly. Do you have a list that you use or something? Or could we maybe link to a list that you have?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: There are various lists. The best – I don’t maintain a list. I do, when people ask me, I will tell them who I think are really good. There are two things going on. The one is safe removal that is protecting you against the mercury that you would inhale when you remove it. And most people doing this work get that right. The other thing is just being really good technicians and doing exceptional dental work. And it’s a big part of it. If you get all your amalgams out, but it wasn’t good technical dentistry it leaves you with a whole host of problems coming down the road because well-placed composite should last decades. And often it is not put in right so there are two aspects there. So I tend to keep my personal recommendations to people who I have seen their work. So it is not a really long list.

So I deferred to Leo Cashman at DAMS and Leo Cashman at DAMS.org, I think. They have a website and he has been a relentless advocate for safe dentistry. And he really does investigate whether people are doing a good job, whether dentists are doing a good job. He keeps a list of people he can refer and he checks up on them to make sure that they are coming through. And people, if they don’t like their work, complain to him and he checks up on that. So he is my favorite go-to list as far as a list that is not just a professional list. So he is who I would look to.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That is great. It was a pretty crazy experience. They put like a big vacuum in your mouth. They put oxygen on your nose and you are fully covered, your face as well. And they are wearing gas masks.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, and people ask me about what I think about doing all of that. A lot of dentists who are new to holistic dentistry look at that and it is like, Jesus, people look like a bomb squad. And that is the best they can do to protect everyone involved but it has got a slightly traumatic feel to it. And so I don’t necessarily say that dentists need to go that far if they have at least a very clean environment.

But the dentists are out on the front lines getting this stuff out and no matter how much protection they have, there are still little micro bits of it that go right through all their clothing and they are being exposed. And so I spend a lot of time in the holistic dental world and we try to give them all the access to testing and we try to support them in however they want to detox because they do need that support.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah. Thanks for looking at that because it seems like it is an important area there.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: It is huge. It’s huge. I don’t think we even understand all of the things that amalgams do to us. I think they have a strong effect on the GI tract and what I teach in detox is all based on being able to conjugate a toxin into glutathione or one of the other molecules we use for that. And transport it down mostly to the GI tract. When you have got a disturbance in the GI tract, including a buildup of metals, you block up that whole system and it has to sort of do the best it can. it pushes a lot to the kidneys and overloads the kidneys. I think there is a lot of collateral damage from amalgam beyond just the mercury that gets into our biochemistry.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Well this is just anecdotal but after a day of feeling a bit rough – and I assume that after all the precautions taken there would be some mercury released while they are taking this stuff out.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Even just the changes to your bite registration have profound effects on you.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, exactly. Just the dental work itself is quite heavy. But after that I have been recovering in steps from my chronic issue and since then I have felt like I have jumped another step again. So just anecdotal. I haven’t done any more testing yet but just for the sake of taking another step.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, and there are people, myself included, who have big experiences when they remove all that metal out of their mouth. There are so many things going on that we barely understand but a lot of people have profound emotional releases or spiritual changes or just physical changes. But there is no shortage of anecdotes of what happens to people when they get that out.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. So, in terms of other kinds of example case studies in the population where you would find higher levels, you are saying people who are eating a lot of fish. I don’t know – can you point out specific populations? Like body-builders, when I was body-building I was eating a lot of tuna and chicken, so I probably helped both my arsenic and mercury levels back when I was doing that. Are there any specific other populations or patterns that you see?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: They tend to be kind of affluent groups in the northeast and on the west coast that eat a lot of fish and they see it as a healthy choice for themselves. And they don’t buy the cheap fish, they like the affluent aspect of eating these tuna steaks and swordfish. You know, the most famous serious victim to it was the CEO of IMAX. And he still walks with a cane despite being in his upper 40s. And he was eating swordfish and tuna, two meals a day, and working out and thought he was super healthy until his nerves started failing him and he couldn’t hit the ball playing racquetball. And soon he was limping. And he had exceptionally high levels of mercury and he has got permanent neurological damage from that. There was another book put out by a doctor up in San Francisco, kind of scanning my bookcase for the name.

It was Diagnosis Mercury and I don’t remember the name of the doctor, but she had all these cases of these affluent women coming in and having these neurological issues and emotional issues that were neurological things, serious anxiety and depression and then they were starting to get neuropathies. And these women had very high blood mercury levels and it turned out they were rich women going out and eating swordfish all the time. And so I get a lot of LA, a lot of San Francisco, and a lot of New York and Boston people, and a lot of Hawaii people with very, very high levels just from the fish consumption.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So we talked a little bit about how to get this stuff out of you in terms of your recommended treatment approach last time. We talked about some of the binders and I think we touched on [inaudible 01:15:32]. Could you kind of outline how you approach getting this stuff out of people safely. How long does it take? You have noted there that some people suffer from this permanently, like they have permanent damage. Is that kind of how intense the mercury contamination has been, or is it prolongation even if it is kind of lower level? Or is it a combination of the two?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: I think it’s a combination of the two. I mean, in the IMAX guy’s case he had blood levels of 75 to 100. He might have gone up to 125 at one point. And those are radically high levels. I mean, those are ten times higher than what I say is high. And actually in the last year I have had a handful of cases also with really high levels, but it was elemental mercury or inorganic mercury exposure. But those very high levels create the permanent damage. The more chronic levels that most people are exposed to tend to produce chronic problems and they don’t tend to be as permanent. There are some things you can’t pull yourself out of or there will be some residual damage but for the most part with chronic toxicity issues, we can reverse that and reversing that, the core of doing that is turning up the glutathione system. And we will talk about the three major components of that and then what can be called the drainage system. Drainage is an old European word for having your kidneys, liver, and GI tract be able to filter your blood. So we need the cells to be able to push the mercury out, then we need – and they are pushing it out as glutathione complexes. And then those need to get filtered out.

So for the glutathione system to work, there are three main parts. Well, let’s talk from cell outward. We need glutathione, for sure, and we need adequate levels of glutathione. And then we are going to link the glutathione on to the mercury. And we need an enzyme called glutathione S-transferase that catalyzes that linking there. And then we have to transport that out, and that transport is from the cell to the blood, from the blood to the liver or kidney, and then out from there. From the liver it is going out through the bile tract into the small intestine. And from the kidney it is going out to the bladder and then out as urine.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: SO when you give someone your liposomal glutathione – I mean, there are many products out there and I understand – I think we spoke last time that you have put yours at a specific level. You could probably re-explain that, but basically you give that liposomal glutathione to get the glutathione up. Is it feeding both of those systems you just mentioned? The glutathione and the glutathione transferase?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Well, glutathione S-transferase is an enzyme that takes the glutathione in one hand and the mercury in the other hand, and links them together. So the glutathione S-transferase is a separate thing and it uses glutathione as a substrate. So the liposomal glutathione is certainly to get the glutathione levels up and provide glutathione to the system to use. The glutathione S-transferase, we can’t provide that directly. We need to turn up the body’s ability to make that. And so we use a combination of our lipoic acid and polyphenolic antioxidants.

So there is a trigger in the cytoplasm of the cell that when it is activated goes into the nucleus and turns on a lot of your chemoprotective genes. Chemoprotective genes like the glutathione S-transferase. And they are called chemoprotective because they are protecting you against chemicals that are coming in or chemicals that you are making inside your body that are bad for you. And this trigger responds to a number of things that are in our diet. And one group are polyphenolic antioxidants like you would get from green tea extra or red wine extract, grape seed extract, pine bark extract, or then you have sulphur-containing chemicals that come dominantly from alliums and crucifers. Alliums being garlic, onion, and leeks and crucifers being broccoli, cabbage, bok choi, that kind of thing.

Then the other sulphur-based chemical that does this and does it really well is lipoic acid and specifically the form called R-lipoic acid. So we use a blend to bring up that enzyme system and we use dominantly polyphenols and lipoic acid because of their ability to hit this main trigger.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay, yes, and I think we touched on before that you use the polyphenols instead of the sulphur-based.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, I use them more than sulforaphane, which would come from broccoli seed extract because the mercury-toxic patients tend to have deranged sulphur processing and they over process sulphur chemicals down towards sulphate and they get held up as sulphite and it gives them some sulphite toxicity. And so the crucifers and the alliums seem to irritate that system. So we stick with the polyphenols. They tend to do better for that.

And then the one sulphur that we use is the lipoic acid. And I think it mentioned before it has two functions. One is to bring up the chemoprotective genes and the other function is that it stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and improves mitochondrial efficiency. And that is a big problem for anybody who is chronically ill, having enough energy. The mitochondria get very damaged. And the mitochondria get damaged by heavy metals, most specifically mercury, cadmium, and arsenic. So if we can turn up detox and help the mitochondria at the same time then we have got a great compound to use.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And to be clear, when you are talking about the chemoprotective genes you are talking about NRF-2?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, NRF-2 is the protein that is outside of the nucleus and moves in to the nucleus and turns up all of these. So that is what we are trying to stimulate. It is a little bit tricky when people are really sick. Sometimes those targets are hard to work with. I think I mentioned before that mold toxins epigenetically regulate NRF-2, meaning that you are not making so much of that trigger because it is not even out there to activate. So we need to get the mold toxins out so we are feeding in glutathione and trying to nurse the system back to health using whatever level of enzymes we have in there. And this is a big part of titrating up doses, starting low because a lot of these ill people, even if we wanted to hit all those targets once and get the body to tune itself up and throw out all these toxins, a lot of these targets are damaged or they are not being expressed right. So we have to slowly nurse it back to health.

For the sickest people you have got to be going back and giving them clay foot baths and clay baths and trying to use the skin as much as possible. Slowly having them eat small amounts of clay and charcoal and really going through a slow, slow detox that someone like myself, at the point I am at – I can take in a cup of clay internally and it isn’t going to provoke much of a change in me. But for someone who is really ill, even a teaspoon of clay is shaking the tree a lot. So we have to nurse a lot of these things back to health. And that is why you need something like a liposomal glutathione instead of just giving them precursors like cysteine or [inaudible 01:23:36] or whey protein.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. So you continue to detox yourself from mercury.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Oh, yeah, that and everything.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay, so in your personal case do you think there are stores – kind of like, I spoke to Dr. Gary Gordon about lead reserves. And he talks about cases of lead where he will get his patients down to pretty much clear of lead and they come back two months later and it is 90% back out where it was because it is coming out the bones.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, and he probably exaggerates his numbers a little because he likes – but the story is true. There you have got these bone reserves that are releasing it so you do have to come back periodically and go after it. In mercury we tend to talk more about proteins because there is less – it doesn’t work into the bone structure the way that lead does. So we talk more about proteins and deep inside the peptides as those turn over you are getting release from farther in there. And there definitely is sort of the available reserves or the available mercury that you can get out now versus what shows itself over time.

But we do a pretty slow detox. People are five months minimum on a detox unless it is just a little detox. But the sicker people are doing it as long as two years. But then I really want you to make detox and feeding these aspects of detox, the glutathione, the glutathione S-transferase, and the binders that we talked so much about last time. I want you to make those part of your life, not every day but in pulses. I mean, now is a great time of year to do a lot of detox. We are eating super heavy food and now we have availability to fresh vegetables all the time. But it is not the same as eating in season. So we eat heavy food and it is the end of the year. It is a good time to keep flushing a lot of that junk away. I see a lot of people get sick this time of year and if you are keeping yourself clean that doesn’t happen.

Then you are getting a lot of you are going to all these parties, you have got alcohol metabolites building up, and you clear those things out the same way you are clearing out all the other toxins. So we talk about mercury, but it is really everything. Because that same system, we are tuning up a system that throws all the junk out. It is not just the mercury.

But then back to the mercury, the brain takes so, so long to detoxify and I spent a lot of time last year – I mean, I really started my mercury detox back in like 2008 and figured it out. Maybe 2007 even because I really drove myself the wrong way using DMSA, and then figured out this whole system to pull me out of it. And then in 2009 I started getting it out to the world, so I have really been doing this for seven years. There is always more improvement to be found, especially neurologically. And this last year I was doing a lot specifically for the brain. And I am aging and I am in my mid-40s and really do slow down a lot, but on a lot of levels I am healthier than I have been since I moved out here and started this company in 2005. So you can just keep peeling off layers and bringing yourself to higher and higher levels.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That’s great to hear. So you said you pulse – to take you as an example, how often are you pulsing so your glutathione or the alpha-lipoic acid and stuff, are you taking that once per week? And are you taking the binders daily or are you – what are you doing on your own personal level?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: I am probably not as systematic as I should be for a scientist. I do it more as needed. So, in November I had four weeks in a row where I had a conference to go to every week. So I was on the road Thursday through Sunday four weeks in a row, including the last one, to Europe. And then I came back here and there was a health crisis in my family. And then I had one more show after that so I was really under the gun. And I was using a lot of products then and I was using – at night I used a lot of gaba and glutathione to let me recharge and let me sleep deep and recharge. I used a lot of C – lipoic during the day to just keep everything flushing through.

And so I was kind of on a long sort of support and detox while I was going through all that. Other times maybe I will take less and then I will think okay, it’s time to start using IMD for a while and I will take IMD every day. And I might take a little EDTA with that and some glutathione. And I will do that every day for two weeks. And then I will just – or maybe ten days. And maybe I will lay off of it for a while. The things I take the most constantly are the C – lipoic and the glutathione. I have a lot of snips for glutathione genes and for superoxide dismutase genes, a couple of methylation things. And so those, having those pretty consistently has been real good for me.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. When you say C-lipoic acid, is that helping the SOD? Or how are you supporting the SOD?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Well the SOD – I don’t know how to directly activate SOD other than through NRF-2. So the lipoic acid should be bringing up SOD expression but then making sure that the rest of – you know, the antioxidant system is vastly interconnected with all kinds of antioxidants playing into these interweaving circles and so if I supply enough glutathione and vitamin C the SOD sort of has some of the weight taken off of it.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So the important thing you bring up there is the pulse approach. And I have started to hear about this more from people where basically we are talking about their organism, as you were just saying, is very dynamic. We have got lots of linkages between different parts of our body and our body also tends to try and adapt to things and there is regulation –

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Habituating to it.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, right. So if we are taking glutathione every single day, eventually is that going to start working against us? People talk about this pulse approach too.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, it’s a great thing to talk about and I teach a lot on that because it is so huge. It’s biggest with therapies that are based on activating certain gene sets and the coolest data set I have on that was using St. John’s Wort and looking at phase two and phase three detox enzymes and they found two things. One is that you don’t upregulate at low doses, only at really fairly substantial doses. And the other big thing was how you could do it. And so they had these mice on this high dose of St. John’s Wort and they were watching the upregulation of these enzymes and they saw it climb from 100%, which was the baseline, up to 300% of baseline over ten days. So a threefold increase of expression, that’s pretty good.

Then, over the next 20 days, as they continue to take that dose it dove down to where at day 30 it was no different than day one. The total habituation to this input – and they probably started tearing apart the input before it would activate those genes. So we start people pulsing five days on, two days off, and then we move them up to ten days on, four days off. And in doing our detox based on glutathione system upregulation, it is crucial to do this. It is less crucial down the road in your maintenance phases where you are just sort of making sure all these inputs are in there. That is why I am not as methodical as I used to be about it because everything is working pretty well for me. But when you are trying to get yourself better that is really crucial because otherwise you are taking something – most of these plant compounds that we take are activating genes.

I love to use Chinese medicine as the quintessential early example of how to do pulsing. I don’t know if you have ever gone in your journey to a real, authentic Chinese doctor who will diagnose you and then will take you into his apothecary and pull out drawers of herbs, dried herbs, and will put out a big piece of paper. You will start putting all the herbs together on there until there is a pile, a big pile of herbs on there. And you are supposed to cook that down to a little cup of tea over like two hours and drink that and then fill it up with water and cook it down to another cup, then throw it out and do it again. So you are getting high doses and you are only doing that for five to seven days. And that is upregulation of gene sets. I know that we will find that out, that is what they are doing. And there are even some – I have data papers where they are showing upregulation of NRF-2 through using Chinese herbs. And we will start finding all kinds of other gene sets that were upregulating.

The most exciting stuff is reversing epigenetic hyper methylation of genes. It is turning genes off and there are starting to be data sets coming out with that. So really that is the most exciting stuff that I am doing right now. What I am really going to focus on in 2015 are new products that we release that are going to take away the epigenetic block from the mold so that we can access those gene targets more effectively.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: I can’t wait for that to come out.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, yeah, it’s pretty exciting stuff. So in March we are going to start releasing that.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, I will keep in touch for that because that is probably something I want to be using myself.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, I want to get you on that. Maybe we could get you on it ahead of the game.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, that would be cool. Thank you very much. So I love this pulse approach because it kind of comes back to hormesis, right?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, it is. All these things are hormetic. They are toxins. Polyphenols come at you as polymers of different monomers and like a monomer like [inaudible 01:34:10], if you bought it as a pure monomer and put a cell culture, it will kill the cells. As the polymer it is just less damaging and those targets – the NRF-2, the way it turns on the NRF-2 is by actually creating free radicals. It creates little free radical reactions and they are just not that damaging but they are enough to turn on the NRF-2. The sulphur compounds are better at doing it like sulforaphane but they are more cytotoxic too because it is generating a little free radical storm.

So all these things are hormetic and you want the most upregulation with the least challenge to the system. And make no mistake about it, they are all hormetic, so they all should be pulsed. And so my window is ten days as your optimum. And you can do less than that if you don’t want to challenge the system as much but anything beyond 20 is a waste.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, and that is something that you said you were going to be looking more at as an antioxidant marker and oxidative stress markers related to that to see the downstream effect?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Actually that was related to the liposomal glutathione study going on right now looking at free radical gene damage that is [inaudible 01:35:26] guanosine and free radical damage to lipids – that is F2 isoprostanes. And then oxidation of LDL cholesterol. So right now we are looking at the liposomal glutathione for mitigating those damages. That we are doing because it is hard to measure glutathione in blood because there is a big background already. And so a lot of this stuff transports and gets places and gets used up really quick. Some stuff is easy – the B12 is easy, doing clinicals on EDTA was based on lead excretion, but glutathione was a little tricky so we are going to base that on damage.

I am trying to work with – it is not like she is trying to be difficult, I haven’t called her yet, but Cheryl Burdette. That is just me being [inaudible 01:36:14].

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Actually, I have been in touch with her recently and just [inaudible 01:36:18] the labs, because I was going to get them done. So I think it is just a new year.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: So I will get with her and contract to do a certain number of analyses there. I do want to look more on the hormetic side of bringing down these markers, you know, how these different polyphenols and neutraceuticals turn up those protected mechanisms. The first one we do is glutathione and that is already starting right now but we will do more work that way and we will probably do that with Cheryl.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, and you are going to be able to compare? Your liposomal glutathione is different to others. Will you be able to compare the difference?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: It just depends on whether I want to pay a lot of money to measure somebody else’s product. Getting clinicals done costs $2,000 to $3,000 per person. It is really expensive.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, and how many people do you need to make it reasonable?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Well, you need at least ten to get some pilot data going. So there you look at $30,000 just to get some data that validates what you have been seeing a few years and so it is not the kind of things that I want to – say, here is us compared to three other brands. At least until people start buying more and then we will go after that.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Again, I wanted to [inaudible 01:37:40] giving some people some ideas of recovery in terms of treatment. What kind of timelines do you see? You have mentioned a lot about the healing crises, right? So you have to go slow with many of them because if you try to go too fast it gets too problematic with detox symptoms. So what kind of timelines do you see? I mean, some people get better in a week and some people take two years – what kind of different variations?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, it is really variable so maybe if we talk about some basic types of people. The sort of textbook example of the detox is you get into it, you are starting five days on and two days off. In your first month the first week you are a little tired towards the end of your first five days. And you are just a little bit pushed down and then on your days off you get your energy back and then the next week you are pushed down but not as far and you bounce back on your days off. By your fourth week at that dosing level you don’t notice it at all and then the next month you jump up to a higher dosing and you go through the same thing, first week, the first couple of – the end of the first week is a little hard and then it gets easier. And so you are going through that process with feeling it and over that first three months you are noticing overall your daily energy is getting stronger, some of the aches and pains in your joints are going away, your skin is clearing up, maybe your hormones are normalizing, and you go through the first three-month pack and then you move into the two-month pack and you get even more results. So a three-month minimum to sort of clear yourself up, five months is more average. But then you have other types of people.

So there is one guy here who is working for us who has got some neuropathy in his leg and about the third month his neuropathy started getting better and you could see a lot of changes in him. His skin color was getting better, his energy through the day was better, because the first month he said, ‘Is it normal for me to be tired?’ And I was like, ‘Yeah it is.’ And he was going through a little bit of a – he was feeling it. But now he is reaping the rewards and he is in about month three.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Is there any way to completely avoid the [inaudible 01:40:05]? If you go really slow?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, if you really don’t have anything wrong with you, just protectively. But these are all pretty minimal symptoms, you are a little tired. You are going to go through some of this. But you are going to go through some of this stuff. If you go really, really low and slow, you may not. The more intensely you try to do it, the shorter amount of time, the more symptoms you are going to have. The more you spread it out the less symptoms you are going to have, but the longer it is going to take. But also, if you don’t get to higher doses you are not going to have the more profound changes occur. So there is a little bit of a mix here.

Now, on the harden end, you get to these people that you are in the low dosing and you are in the first week where they are just exhausted and you have to back off to half those or even a quarter dosing. These people are going to take a year to go through this and we used to back them off to drainage remedies or homeopathic or herbal remedies to sort of start the movement of the lymphatics and get the kidneys and the liver gently working again. And we still have those tools that we still use with good effect, but people who run into a wall and really can’t get past, they can’t get up in their dosing, almost always have a chronic infection and I think I mentioned before quite often they come in to this thinking that they have Lyme but their Lyme test was negative and they get two or three weeks into the detox and they are exhausted and then they go and retest for Lyme and they are more exhausted than they were when they started. Then they go back and they retest for Lyme and it comes to the positive. Because as you reboot the glutathione system and you get your glutathione levels back up. Your immune system turns back on until you get more of that TH1C response to the infection and those are the things that make you feel infection, they make you feel crappy. So then they know that they have got Lyme or Epstein-Barre or cytomegalovirus or toxoplasma and then they can go and treat those and once they get a little bit of that knocked back and they have gotten farther in their antimicrobial treatment, since it is a lot easier to get into our detox.

So we have pretty much found that if the detox isn’t working for you there is an infectious problem. And if it didn’t test for you before, it will now. So once you deal with that problem or start getting that under control, then you can get back into your detox and go farther with that. So it is kind of good news, bad news. The bad news is you weren’t able to detox and the good news is that at least we know now what was one of the other underlying problems with you and we can treat that and get you moving forward.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, and as you mentioned before it is like peeling the layers of an onion on all these chronic conditions. You find one thing, you solve that, and you feel a bit better. Then you find another thing and you kind of work your way through the maze.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, but as you get through those layers you get more and more powerful. Your strength comes back and you go through each level much faster and your improvements are greater each time. And it is really important for the chronically-ill person to gauge where they have been and how far they have gotten, especially the real ambitious ones. And a lot of these ones that are poor methylators and have gotten really chronically-ill are incredibly ambitious and aren’t good at measuring their progress. And you often need family members or people who know them to remind them how far they have come.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And I certainly can reflect back on that myself by one of these ambitious ones. And unfortunately I have a ton of data as well and it can go oh, this can be very different. But there have been some points along the journey. I don’t know if I am getting anywhere with all of this stuff, but I clearly had.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, because we habituate to wherever we’re at. We accommodate feeling absolutely horrible and then when we are up to kind of bad it still feels the same. And all we want is to be all the way back.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Exactly, that’s one I can talk about – 100%, you want to be 110%. I want payback for the time I was under 100%, right. So to learn more about the biomarkers we have been talking about today and some of the products you have been talking about – do you have research on your site? Or are there other places, books, you would recommend to learn more details and more about this research and stuff?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Well, starting with our website, QuickSilverScientific.com – we just put up a new website and we are kind of populating it now. There is a fair amount of material under mercury and heavy metal testing on – and there are videos there of me describing our testing and showing a lot of different examples of it. Under the products there are a number of product pages about many of our different products. Some are just available by doctor login. And there is some basic information on the detox system and how that is supposed to work. I am still just starting to populate articles into the science section so you can read more about what this is all based on. This is all coming from basic research that is being done around the world, and I have been funneling it all down into a usable system. So I am sort of still getting to where I have time to publish all of this. So anything that I have put up there will be pretty – it is only for the connoisseurs. It is not for the – it will take some wading through the scientific material.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: It is pretty technical, is what you’re saying?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: It is pretty technical and I am trying to get to where I have got some personal time to write some of this stuff up in some of the progressive medical articles, the integrated medical articles and journals. And so that will come over the next year or so.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. Is there anyone besides yourself that you would recommend to talk to about this area, like mercury systems you have been talking about or people you respect that you have kind of learned from?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Good question. No, there is only me. That’s all there is. [Boyd Haley 01:46:32] has always been good on this. He is pursuing a chelator that he is developing now and so most of the things that he talks about are in support of why everybody needs this chelator. But he has got a lot of stuff in there over time. But this really – all this emphasis on fixing the biochemistry inside the body to be able to resist the load, this is really new. All the language before has really been how to use a chelator to get this stuff out of the body, not how the body naturally chelates it and how we turn that back up. So I am kind of at the forefront there and I’m the only guy really talking a lot about how that works.

But functional medicine is expanding at a rapid rate and there is really good work being done there. It tends to be mostly in the doctor world. Cheryl Burdette and I lectured at Metabolic Maintenance Institute, which is a doctor training institute where we both have the faculty appointments to George Washington University now and it’s real high-end. The material being lectured on there was all awesome but it is really just going to the doctor’s now and really funneling [inaudible 01:47:56].

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: I mean, you are getting the information out there now. So is it big classes of 50 people?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: I don’t remember what the – I think this was the first one they did of this particular segment. I think there were 30 doctors there and there will be more as we go. But it was very intensive lecturing. It was just all day, just all this really high level stuff coming from different angles and all the faculty there was top notch. Jim Lavalle is part of that, Andrew Hayman, Russ Jaffey. All their stuff was really, really high level. And so now it needs to funnel down into books too, and people ask me all the time. I told people I would write a book in 2015 and I don’t know how empty of a promise that has got to be. But we will see.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: It seems like you could write ‘the’ mercury book.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, I definitely could write the book now. It is just a question of the time to write it. So maybe it will be 2016 but I am going to have to come through with that and I will have more materials on our website. But all by way of saying I don’t know who to point you to. It is all coming together up at the highest levels of training the doctors, PhDs and MDs lecturing and doing research up there. It just needs to funnel its way down.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Now just a couple of questions about you and what you are doing in terms of your own personal stuff. What data metrics do you track for your own body on a routine basis, if any?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: I don’t do a whole lot of testing all the time. I do some standard stuff every couple of months – complete blood counts and metabolic panels, GGT and liver enzymes and lipid panels, hormone panels, and also the standard stuff that like an anti-aging doctor would do and make sure that my hormones are well-balanced and all my chemistry is clean. But even though I play the PhD on TV, I do a fair amount of energetic testing on myself just to see what supplements are best for me and what organ systems might be going out of whack before anything clinical happens. And I have been fortunate enough to learn a lot of good systems from people and they work well on monitoring myself and so I will use them to sort of gauge what supplements I am going to focus on at any one time.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, so what energetic systems are you talking about here? Can you give an example?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, let’s see – there is one called a [inaudible 01:50:34] which is sort of a dowsing technique that I use. I use a lot of muscle testing combined with organ points, which are essentially acupuncture points. And there was this system SGOT, AK-SGOT – they started doing it. They defined all these muscle testing points for different reflex points in your body that are supposed to correspond to different organ systems, so a liver, gallbladder, kidney, small intestine, large intestine, brain points. And so I will use those. There was a guy named Bob Walker who taught me more about those. His system was called [inaudible 01:51:19]. I lectured a lot with [Klinghart 01:51:24] and I learned his system.

So between all those I came to something that works for me, but mostly it is by and large muscle testing acupuncture points and looking for disturbance along those and then what normalizes those. And that has worked out exceptionally well for me and I do use that with other people as well. I tend to get mostly doctors that come – I am a PhD. I don’t treat patients but I treat a lot of doctors.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Well, so it is very interesting that you are using this and I guess you are using that in areas where testing is not available or it is too expensive.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, or testing only sees gross changes. So it is a combination of all of those. Do I want to draw some blood now? Do I want to pay for this test? Does this test actually show me what I am looking for or does it only show up on the test once it has gone pretty far? I think once you have learned the biochemistry and you have that all under wraps, then if you have some energetic testing to guide you that is when you really shine because you are left with a ton of different products that theoretically can do what you want them to. How do you work through what the best one for you is, or the best one that is out there on the market right now? And there you are stuck with energy medicine to figure that out. And when it is not right it is quite good.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. What is the one biggest insight that you have taken about your biology that has maybe had the biggest impact that you have drawn to date over time, the thing where you are like oh, my personal biology is like this. Because of something you have tracked?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Oh yeah, the craziest thing that I have figured out in the last year was in the holistic dental world they talk about connections between what are called cavitations, the most simple cavitation would be where you pulled a wisdom tooth out and they leave this thing called the periodontal ligament in there and it rots over time. I had a cavitation in my lower back right molar where it used to be a wisdom tooth. And it was enough that you could see it on an [I-Cat01:53:34] and I wanted to figure out a way to get that better without digging in there and going in surgically and cleaning it all out. And I had tried ozone therapy and a lot of different things. It was giving me chronic GI issues, where I had to work on them constantly. They say it is on one of the meridians that goes down to your GI system and controls your GI system and your spleen. It was always – I mean, I was just working on my GI system all the time. And I would get ozone injected in there and it would be better for a couple of days and then it would go back. And everybody is at least using energy testing because nobody dug in there to do a biopsy or anything. And everybody said that it was a fungus that was in my GI tract and in there.

And if you recall what I was talking about with epigenetic changes from funguses, funguses have this ability to turn down a lot of your repair and defense systems. And one of the products that I have for reversing that is a nanoparticle of DIM. And I started using that, holding that over my cavitation, and it changed everything within a matter of a couple of days. I did that three or four months ago, I started doing that, and it reversed all of my GI issues. And people muscle test me on that cavitation and it tests strong now. And now I just think if I keep that therapy on for a year I am going to do another [I-Cat 01:55:04] on it and see if the hole is closed up at all. My dentist had said right before I started doing this – he did ozone and he said that hole – like, I put that needle in without drilling. You are going to have to work on that. And then I started doing the DIM and he was blown away. He was like, ‘I can’t believe that.’ So we will see.

But it was really – you know, I am around holistic dentistry all the time and they talk about these systemic problems that come from the dental area and this was mine and I reversed it this way and I haven’t had a problem since. And just whenever you see that happen it is like wow, this really is what is going on with a lot of people.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, that is great. I had never actually heard of the cavitation and how it can rot and cause problems in the gum bacteria and infection. Just last week I was talking to a surgeon about removing my wisdom teeth and he takes a biological approach where he clears it all out. And I guess most dentists don’t even look at that, right? They just leave it?

[Dr. Chris Shade]: No, they leave that little tip in the periodontal ligament and they assume that the body is going to repair after that. And it does not always do that. In fact, most of the time it doesn’t. And if they had gone in farther or dug it out more it would have been okay. And so you get this little pocket of rot and what they do usually to treat it is they go in and they scoop that stuff out. And I have seen videos of this and it is pus and rot and they say it stinks. And they have to grind down to new bone with burs and scrape up the new bone, and that stimulates it to come in and grow back. And even then it doesn’t always work but at least that does stimulate a regrowth.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Wow, okay. I am glad you brought that up. Well, Chris, thank you so much for all this information and detail. It is all this new stuff, as you were saying, this biochemical approach to healing these kinds of heavy metal issues beyond chelation, which I had never heard before. And I wasn’t aware we were going to get so deep into this when we started this whole journey in the first part of the interview, so thank you so much for all the information and it has been a pleasure talking to you.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, and maybe to just tie it all together, with the biochemical approach you are not only getting rid of the metal but you are increasing your resistance to it. And so I talk about these three things you need, the glutathione, the transferase, and the transport proteins, and then I found a biochemistry paper that was a cell culture paper where they were finding cells – they had a big population of cells that they mutated to have different properties and they found one that was resistant to metals. And they found that it had these three things. And if they knocked out any one of those it stopped being resistant. And so there by ensuring that the biochemistry of the cell works properly that load of metal that is in that petri dish does not affect the cell. But when the cell biochemistry does not work properly that same load now becomes toxic. And so I want to get people away from thinking well, if I strip out the metals there will be no issue. Get your body to resist the metals and it will strip them out at the same time. Sometimes I think you have got to go in with a chelator. Lead I think does need some EDTA, but if you first fix the underlying system you are going to get vastly superior results.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, and as you say, to stay healthy and to do stuff that you really –

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Yeah, as opposed to waiting until that metal load gets high enough again to knock you out from running well. Like I said, if you can’t deal with our detox it is probably because you have got Lyme and now all of a sudden you see because we turned up your immune system and you are reacting to the Lyme – now, go fight the Lyme.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yup, I have been there. Well, thanks again, Chris.

[Dr. Chris Shade]: Right, thank you very much again, Damien.

Have you tried to assess your Mercury burden? Do you have amalgams or have you consumed a lot of high mercury fish over the last years? Is it possible Mercury has had an impact on your health or performance?
Leave a comment below telling me what you have done (including anything quantifiable) and what you plan to do?

Leave a Reply

Functional medicine is a framework for tackling health issues and an approach to optimizing health that contrasts sharply with today’s “standard of care” medicine model. In this episode we look at assessing the body via the functional medicine framework and your detoxification system.

Where “standard of care” excels at dealing with acute health crises, like car accidents injuries and deadly pathogens and infections, functional medicine has grown to tackle primarily chronic health issues.

The argument for a future where we turn increasingly to functional medicine is that:

  • where traditional medicine seeks to manage disease (e.g. pharmaceutical therapy or surgery), functional medicine seeks to identify and resolve the causes of disease.
  • Where traditional medicine seeks to place you in a ‘disease category’ (e.g. multiple sclerosis), functional medicine takes a personalized approach.

We’ll get more into what these mean in the episode.

Today’s guest is Jeffrey Bland, PhD who is often referred to as the “Godfather of Functional Medicine“. He has been working for over 25 years in the pursuit of what today is functional medicine, he has over 120 peer reviewed papers on nutritional biochemistry and medicine, is the co-founder of the Institute for Functional Medicine founded in 1991, has served on many boards of health and nutrition companies, a highlight of which was serving as Director of Research at the Linus Pauling Institute where he worked directly with Linus Pauling for a time.

“We are in a health revolution right now that is second to none.”
– Jeffrey Bland, PhD (Godfather of Functional Medicine)

Jeffrey is also the author of “The Disease Delusion: Conquering the Causes of Chronic Illness for a Healthier, Longer, and Happier Life“. This is a book I found to be a great read to understand the functional medicine framework and how it looks at the mechanisms for chronic disease and optimum health. I highly recommend it, in particular if you are a physician or if you personally are plagued by chronic health issues.

The show notes, biomarkers, and links to the apps, devices and labs and everything else mentioned are below. Enjoy the show and let me know what you think in the comments!

itunes quantified body

Show Notes

  • How functional medicine differs from traditional medicine in its approach (5:00).
  • A concrete example of how functional medicine looks at disease: Multiple Sclerosis as a personal disease with many different causes (7:10).
  • What changes when you stop focusing on the effect (the disease) and start looking for the causes (13:00).
  • How people typically get led to the world of functional medicine – and what the root causes of illness are (17:10).
  • Do all headaches have real causes that can be investigated, understood and resolved? (21:10).
  • How the functional medicine framework puts you back in control of your health no matter the cause (23:30).
  • The birth of the functional medicine framework (the 7 core physiological processes), how it was designed and how it has stood the test of time (26:10).
  • In practice: What you can expect from a visit to a functional medicine doctor – what they’ll ask, what they may test, what process they will go through with you to diagnose and resolve your health issues etc. (30:00).
  • Example biomarkers, labs and tests used commonly in the realm of functional medicine. (36:30).
  • Detailed look at the detoxification process within our bodies (one of Jeffrey’s 7 core physiological processes from Functional Medicine) (36:30).
  • Are “Healing Crises” or “Detox Symptoms” necessary in detoxification or during health issue resolution? Or it something we should avoid? (52:00).
  • How ‘fasting’ can be counterproductive to the detoxification process (53:30).
  • The specialized set of labs and tests that are used by functional medicine practitioners (56:00).
  • Jeffrey’s perspective on the future of medicine and what he sees as a “revolution in healthcare” currently taking place including (A) “omics” revolution (genomics, proteonomics), (B) internet and social media and (C) big data analysis (59:00).
Thank Jeffrey on Twitter for the information and insights he shared with us in this episode. Click Here to let him know you enjoyed the show!

Biomarkers and Frameworks

    Frameworks

  • “Antecedents, Triggers, Mediators, Signs and Symptoms”: Functional Medicine framework that starts the process with a questionnaire or enquiry from the physician aiming to identify possible items from this list to look into in more detail with tests.
  • MECE (Mutually Exclusive, Collectively Exhaustive: A framework tool mentioned by Damien that is used extensively in the management consulting world to effectively define and solve problems.
  • Inflammation

  • hs-CRP (high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein): A marker of inflammation from blood labs that Jeffrey remarked as a useful tests as an early step in some cases.
  • Blood Sugar Regulation Measures

  • Hba1c (Glycated Haemoglobin): A proxy measure used to assess your average blood sugar over a period of time. Since haemoglobin is part of the red blood cells it is exposed to blood sugar over the lifetime of the red blood cell, thus giving a measure. As such this measure is used to identify blood sugar control issues. Levels of 5% or higher can be indications of blood sugar disregulation.
  • Triglycerides: A measure commonly reported in lipid panels that provides an indication of the excess calories coming into your body and getting converted into fats. High triglyceride levels indicate blood sugar management issues.
  • Cardiovascular Health

  • HDL (High Density Lipoprotein): Often referred to as the good type of cholesterol, this marker comes with your typical cholesterol panel. Higher levels of HDL are generally better as they are cardioprotective.

Links to Resources

Jeffrey Bland, PhD and the Functional Medicine Movement

Supplements and Treatments

  • N-Acetyl Cysteine: Mentioned as a supplement that helps to support detoxification (note: it does this via helping to increase glutathione levels).
  • Sodium Citrate and Sodium Bicarbonate: Jeffrey mentioned these as approaches to ‘alkalinizing’ the body’s cells and thus helping improve detoxification. Another supplement that works similarly is Potassium Citrate.
  • Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10): Jeffrey mentioned the role of CoQ10 as a detoxification support.

Other People, Resources and Books Mentioned

Full Interview Transcript

Transcript - Click Here to Read

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, Jeff, thank you so much for joining us on the podcast this morning.

[Jeffrey Bland]: My deep pleasure. Thanks so much, I’m looking forward to the discussion.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, your book is great. I really appreciate it. It really gives a great perspective on a number of things, a different perspective than most people are used to seeing. So the first thing I wanted to go into was functional medicine. What is the difference between functional medicine and contemporary medicine, the medicine we are used to when we are going to hospitals and primary care doctors and so on? How would you define the differences?

[Jeffrey Bland]: Well Damien, I think that’s a very good question and it really asks of us what is the elevator speech if you have only got a couple of floors in an elevator to describe the difference of how you would do it. And we have grappled with this question for some time and I am not sure I have completely gotten it down, but let me give it a try. The medicine that most of us are familiar with is insurance reimbursable kind of traditional hospital based or clinic based health care, that in which I was trained in and most docs today were trained in. It is focused on the disease, the primacy of disease, and so it is all about the diagnosis and then finding the appropriate treatment for that diagnosis.

The diagnosis is really related to a clinical series of presenting signs and symptoms so the patient comes in with whatever their complaints are. The doc reviews those complaints, they do whatever lab tests might be suggested from those complaints, and then from that name a title of a disease is finally given from which then reimbursement can occur and therapy can result, generally pharmacotherapy with some kind of drug or drugs and surgery. That, however, doesn’t ever really address the question of where these things came from, what is the cause of these conditions. so often we end up being able to treat effectively the signs and symptoms of it’s outcome, the disease, without treating its cause.

Functional medicine is all about the cause, it’s not about what you call it. It’s all about how you got there. So the most important thing for a functional medicine provider is to understand what we would call the journey that led to a diagnosis to treat the cause and not the effect, whereas medicine today I think is more involved with calling what the final destination is and treating its effect rather than its cause.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, and if we could take a concrete example I think that might help to clarify it for some people. One of the diseases that is defined by the world of primary care and so on is multiple sclerosis, right? So that’s a disease condition and there are a number of drugs and things around available to treat that. How would functional medicine look at that? What are the differences in the way you would look at multiple sclerosis?

[Jeffrey Bland]: I think that’s a really excellent example, actually. That fits right into this discussion very nicely and in fact it is actually one of the examples that i use in the book The Disease Delusion to help the reader to kind of understand the difference between the functional medicine approach and a traditional diagnostic pharmacology approach.

So a functional medicine practitioner, when they would see a person who has been diagnosed with MS would first ask the question in their mind – what do we know about MS? We know that multiple sclerosis is a member of the autoimmune family of disease. These are the diseases that are characterized with the body’s immune system attacking itself, attacking the body itself and leaving the collateral damage.

In the case of MS the body’s immune system is attacking the nerves. And specifically the insulation of the nerves, which are the myelin sheaths, the things that coat the nerves that are kind of like insulation on a wire that is plugged into the wall socket. It is the insulation on your nerves and it protects the wire, the nerves, from being damaged or having problems with transmitting electricity like you would have in the socket of a light.

And so when your body’s immune system attacks the insulation of your nerves, the myelin, it starts to lead to kind of a short circuit of the nervous system, just as if if you lost the insulation off the wire and it goes to your lightbulb, you might end up short-circuiting that and maybe sparks would fly out or you would catch the curtains on fire or any number of collateral damage could occur from losing that insulation. And so the treatment of choice is to give an individual who has that diagnosis of MS, drugs that are designed to try to block the effect of that immune reaction against your nerves, so it would be certain kinds of anti-inflammatory drugs or drugs that prevent the insulation of the nerves from being further damaged.

The functional medicine approach, however, would be to ask why is that person having the loss of the insulation on the wires of their nerves? What was the cause of this? And the first kind of assumption that many people have is well, that must be in my genes. Gee whiz, I have family members that have autoimmune disease or I have a family member that might have even have had MS. It must be my genetic inheritance. However, when the data is looked at as it relates to that specific disease, MS, like so many other of the autoimmune diseases, there is a very weak linkage between genetics and MS.

It is not a hardwired genetic disease. So it may have a weak linkage to certain immune relationships that give rise to autoimmunity, but it is not a disease where we can say this is a cause, this is caused by your genetic heritage. Therefore there must be another factor or factors, and this is where the functional medicine detective story emerges, because a functional medicine practitioner would then say let’s look at all the various factors that have been identified in the medical scientific literature that are associated with the cause of an immune system attacking the nerves. And this could be things like toxic chemicals, it could be things like heavy toxic elements like mercury or cadmium.

It could be things like reactions to certain food proteins that your body sees as foreigners, one of which would be gluten. It could be the result of insufficiency of specific vitamin factors, particularly vitamin D, which has been studied extensively by Michael Hollick, Dr. [Heeney 00:11:20], and Dr. [Holub 00:11:22] as it relates to vitamin D insufficiencies. Or it could be associated with situations that relate to the exposure to what you would call xenobiotic chemicals, certain agents that activate the immune system, including certain members of the drug family which certain individuals have immune response to and it becomes seen as a foreigner that the body’s immune system then starts attacking the nerves. So there is a whole laundry list of various agents that might trigger the immune system of a person who is considered normally healthy to now start developing an immune reaction to their nerves.

So rather than just jumping in and giving a person something that blocks the inflammation, the functional medicine provider would start going through as a detective might – the Sherlock Holmes of the etiology of the condition, asking could this person that has this condition have these problems? Could they be suffering from too much mercury? Could they have too much cadmium? Could they be suffering from exposure to certain chemicals? Could they be taking certain pharmaceuticals that activate the immune system? Could they be vitamin E deficient? Do they have certain food allergies like gluten that are inducing this immune response?

Then from that detective approach that the kind of examination, a tailored, personalized program for that individual’s own forum of MS would be developed, rather than just treat them as a person with MS like you would with any other person with that diagnosis, you now design a program based on their specific, unique presentation that is focused on managing the cause and not just the effect. And those results, when you deliver that model in clinical practice, can be extraordinary. It can be miraculous.

We have seen literally hundreds of patients over the years that I have been involved with the clinical research and overseeing clinical research centers and when patients come in with various forms of MS or various forms of autoimmune disease and how there are conditions once you identify the cause and not just the effect can be completely turned back and you go into remission. So that is a different model.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, thank you very much for that. So if I kind of retake it and see if you can say if this is accurate or not. Traditional medicine is looking at the effect and it is trying – the effects, and the symptoms you have. they are trying to categorize a number of diseases that they have on record. They have a hundred different diseases, cancers, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s, and all these things which have been categorized according to symptoms, a list of symptoms, whereas when we are coming from the functional medicine side we kind of ignore that for the moment and we say okay, just because they have these symptoms we don’t know what the actual cause is.

So we are going to do a number of different tests and we are not going to make any assumptions about what is actually causing this until we have done some investigation and the idea is that we can find any number of causes and they could end up at the same symptoms due to the mix of genetics, epigenetics, and the other processes going on in our bodies. But they can arrive at the completely different ending, the symptoms, from completely different causes. Is that an accurate representation of what you just said?

[Jeffrey Bland]: Yes, I think very much so and I think for the listener it is important to know that the number of diseases within the diagnostic handbook are literally thousands of different diseases. And often a doc might feel that their job is over once they have got a good diagnosis because then they can dial up a specific pharmacotherapy. But within each of those diagnoses, no matter what the name is, whether they have diabetes or arthritis or MS, every person with that diagnosis, that specific diagnosis, presents slightly differently.

They have a different reason that it gets worse and it has progression. So in the absence of personalizing treatment to the individual need and focusing on the cause and not the effect, you don’t get the optimal outcome. And that is the functional medicine revolution, looking at the person as a unique individual and personalizing their treatment program appropriately.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, thank you very much. Another aspect I wanted to see and what a value that I see in a functional medicine encounter where I came into contact with it from my personal story is because it is the story of categorization of systems there are many people that fall through the cracks, however, because their symptoms aren’t acute enough so they don’t meet a diagnostic criteria.

For example, an MRI wouldn’t show the white blips used for multiple sclerosis in those kinds of scans, for example. Or they are not meeting those diagnostic criteria which falls neatly into one of those categories and they maybe have some symptoms which are considered that everyone should have these days. For example, everyone complains of headaches and everyone has a bit of fat around their stomach these days and they find it hard to get rid of and they blame it on a number of things.

So my own personal story is that I kind of fell through the cracks because I didn’t fit into any categories and I know there are many people who do that. And we finally end up at functional medicine, and functional medicine seems to say we can try and resolve any condition that you have from a basis of looking at a list of potential causes and it is supposedly a comprehensive list of things that can go wrong in the body and working its way through that.

So is that another way to look at it? I know a lot of people kind of end up at the functional medicine road end of medicine because they have kind of fallen through the cracks or they have some chronic condition which doctors aren’t addressing properly. Is that a fair assumption as that is how most people arrive at functional medicine and also if you are able to in fact pretty much attempt to resolve any kind of symptoms or anything that is not working correctly in the body?

[Jeffrey Bland]: Yes, and again I think you really pointed to a major issue within the way that our healthcare system works right now, which is basically a disease-care system as we know it. It is not so much focused on health as it is the treatment of disease. So when a person has broad ranges of chronic symptoms that cut across many different organ systems, it could be fatigue and pain and low energy and cognitive dysfunction and gastrointestinal problems and alternating constipation and diarrhea and sleep disturbances and depression.

They may come with a whole laundry of different chronic systems and depending on what doctor you see, they are all going to try to drive those symptoms into a specific diagnosis and it is going to be based on their background. So they are going to find the disease that they are most comfortable with to use that as a name that they are going to apply to that cluster of symptoms that the patient presents with because they have to get a disease diagnosis so they can get reimbursed. So they are going to call it something. Well the something they call it may not be nearly as important, as you have said, as how the patient got there. And what were the various factors in their lifestyle and their environment that were really creating this complicated disturbance in the physiology that has caused their chronic illness?

It is not a disease as much as it is a disturbance that is caused by the mismatch between their genetic uniqueness and their environment. And if you don’t start asking those questions then you never really get the answer. What you do is you end up with kind of a round robin of different doctors with different treatments that treat different treatments with different drugs to suppress pain or inflammation or suppress sleep problems or to block stomach acid. What is unique to those is you are basically uncoupling the smoke detector, you are not treating the fire i the room. You are uncoupling the signs and symptoms that were there really to tell you there is something going on that needs to be addressed.

So the functional medicine model often is very attractive to a person who has a history who has a lack of success with the traditional disease diagnostic and treatment model because it just hasn’t been successful in managing the range of their clinical problems because they have never asked the right questions. And it turns out that if you look at the kinds of conditions that are dominant within our society today they are these chronic conditions. In fact, over 75% of healthcare expenditures in our system today are spent for the management of chronic illness – not acute disease, but chronic illness. Yet, when you go to have a chronic illness managed it is often managed with drugs that were used for acute care. They are not really drugs that treat the cause of the chronic illness, they are drugs that are treating the acute symptoms and not treating its cause.

So I think we have a very big mismatch of what patients would like and what the treatment approach that they are getting, where it is being applied. And that is where functional medicine has a big role to play.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, great, thank you. So just to give the audience a bit of an idea about this, would you say that headaches are resolvable? Is that the type of chronic condition that we – I have had some strange headaches when I got ill a few years ago and they sent me to a psychologist. And in the world of functional medicine I know that happens to a lot of people, or they keep getting the answer that everyone kind of has headaches and it is not resolvable. And I think headaches are a very common thing, a common complaint today. And a lot of people are going to pharmacies and taking medications for this.

Do you think this is something that is resolvable, like in 90% of the cases, with the functional medicine approach? Or at least there is a good percentage of those that can find some kind of cause behind that and it is not normal to just have headaches?

[Jeffrey Bland]: Well again, I think that is a wonderful example. You are picking some great examples. Headaches is one of those conditions that is a sign or a symptom and not a disease in itself that has many multiple functional contributions that lead to what we call headaches. So it could be a magnesium deficiency, it could be a vitamin B6 deficiency.

It could be, again, another relationship to a food or environmental sensitivity or toxicity of types. It could be related to a problem with the microbiome, that bacteria are producing toxic secondary byproducts that have an effect on the function that we see ultimately as a headache. It could have to do with the vascular effects that are associated with the lack exercise. It could be due to hypertension because the person is taking the wrong kind things in their diet and lifestyle that are increasing their blood pressure and putting them on a vegetable-based diet and lo and behold their headaches go away.

So a functional medicine provider would look at this list of potentials and start making a differential diagnosis of that individual patient or an assessment as to what their specific causation might be of their headache, and work with them not just giving them a headache treatment remedy and drug to again, uncouple the smoke detector of the headache and to treat the cause of that condition. When, in fact, that occurs, i don’t have a specific percentage I could give you but I would say for sure the vast majority of chronic headache sufferers will be in remission. Their headaches have been demonstrated to go away. So I think this is another great example of a clinical presenting sign and symptom that through a functional medicine systems biology approach it can lead to remediation because you treated the cause not just the effect.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, and what I love about the philosophy is that it kind of puts control back in our hands because we are saying that there is always some cause of what is happening and it is not just that in conventional medicine they will put it down to genetics or something that is not addressable. Often in functional medicine the locus of control comes back to us and it just says that we have to find the cause. If we can find the cause then we can fix it, no matter what is going on with the human body and causing these symptoms. Is that a fair reiteration?

[Jeffrey Bland]: Yeah, absolutely, exactly. If I was to try to kind of distill down the whole focus of my book The Disease Delusion, that is really what it is all about, returning the power to the individual for the control of their health. I think a lot of people have had their health kind of hijacked from them because they feel it’s either a consequence of their genetic lineage that they had no control over or it’s their doctor that is control their health. In essence what we have learned since the deciphering of the human genome in 2000 is that actually we control, each one of us controls how are genes are expressed. And the way that we think, act, believe, behave, rink, eat, exercise, sleep, have relationships with other people, think of ourselves as valued parts of society.

Those all have direct impact on how our genes are expressed and regulate how we look, act, and feel. So I think this is a hugely empowering age in which we live, in which the individual becomes much more important than they were in the previous period of society when we were all part of massification of society where we just wanted to be part of the average. Now, the power of the individual has become very, very important and we can give people the tools to not become doctors, but to understand themselves well enough that they can start navigating through life in such a way to design their own health program that is contrasted to their own disease treatment program, which comes from the doctor.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Excellent. So in a minute I would like to give us a little bit more a practical or quantified focus – we often talk about quantified aspects here – about how to make use of labs and data and functional medicine to identify the causes that you are talking about. But first of I just wanted to look at that basically you have a framework in your book The Disease Delusion, and it is this framework for saying these are all the potential causes of problems. The framework that you describe, is that the basis of functional medicine today? Or is that coming from you? Could you give us a bit of an overview of where that framework is? I think it’s really great, a lot of the aspects of it – I haven’t seen them described in that way before.

I think it seems like what we would say in consulting language – MECE was mutually exclusive and comprehensive, basically, so it covers everything. It is a very nice framework, I can say, from my consulting background. But just from your perspective, where does that come from? Is that something recent or is that something that has been used in functional medicine for a while? Is that something that you are hoping that will be used more and more going forward?

[Jeffrey Bland]: Yes, thank you. The way that this functional medicine concept was actually birthed was through 1989 and 1990 my wife and I hosted meetings about a week long each in Victoria pretty strongly on Vancouver Island where we invited about 30 or 40 of the top opinion leaders that we had met from different fields to kind of sit down quietly over a period of a few days with a whiteboard and address the question – what would be the best possible medical system that you could conceive of with your experience from the different disciplines they represented. Let’s not talk about reimbursement and let’s not talk about fair financing, let’s just talk about theoretically what would this system look like.

And from that to your exploration emerged the concept that we would develop a system that really looked at the individual and how they, over time, had altered function and we had different diagnostic criteria, different assessment tools, and we would be able to, earlier on, be able to understand when a person is heading at a trajectory towards a disease well before they become a cancer patient or a heart disease patient or a diabetic patient or whatever it might be. And that led us into asking what would be then the types of things we would want to know of that person so we would be better able to, early on, understand their trajectory towards not-optimal health.

And we started looking at the scientific and medical literature and this group of people were pretty good and understanding what was going on within the discoveries that were being made and we eventually started putting references and articles together and stacking them in different piles to see if they fit into different kind of what we call ‘buckets.’ And from that eventually emerged the fact that these conditions that lead to altered function that later became diseases as a person progresses towards more severity could be characterized into seven different buckets. And we call those the seven core physiological processes. And over the now-subsequent 25 years since that time lo and behold those buckets were pretty close to the way things have evolved in science and in medicine over the last quarter century. So those buckets included detoxification, they included immune defense, it included hormone signaling, they included gastrointestinal function and included structural relationships that included bioenergetics. Each one of these seven core physiological processes, by the way, I have described in individual chapters in my book.

Then we developed questionnaires for the patient that were associated with presenting clinical symptoms and signs that were associated with the dysfunctions in each of those seven areas. And to help the person to better understand where were their strengths and where were their weaknesses, and that formalism became then the functional medicine assessment program and approach. And obviously over the last 25 years it has become much more sophisticated and much more well-defined and well-understood. But I am quite amazed and what we birthed or germinated in 1989 and 1990 that has really proven out over the last quarter century to actually be very applicable to clinical intervention and to improving outcome in patients with chronic illness.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. I didn’t realize the structure of the framework had been around that long. I assumed it was actually maybe something that you had come up with pretty recently because as you say, it echos all the current themes of research and everything that is currently going on in it. So in terms of the process that you go through, if you could give us a very high view of what happens when you go to see a functional medicine doctor with some complaints that you are not sure of – is it a very typical process? Like, do you start with the questionnaires, you said, to kind of identify the different parts of that seven piece framework that goes wrong? Can you walk us through the kind of top level of what would happen if someone went to functional medicine?

[Jeffrey Bland]: When you go to kind of your traditional disease-focused practitioner, the whole drive is to try to get a differential diagnosis, try to get a name that you can put on your condition. And that’s different than the functional medicine practitioner. They may obviously be interested in a diagnosis if a person has one, but their approach will be different from the beginning in that the approach is to look at the antecedents, triggers, mediators, signs, and symptoms. Now, what does that mean?

Antecedents are the preceding factors in that person’s life that may have given rise over time to the clinical condition and the problems that they are experiencing. And that has to do with looking at your genetic background, looking at your family history, and looking at various kinds of things that may have happened earlier in life, it could be illnesses, surgeries, and just a really good what I call historical, history and physical, as well as bringing genetic information into the story and other aspects of their environment and lifestyle habits. That is antecedent.

Then the next question is what are the triggers that are triggering your antecedents? Those kinds of signs and symptoms that you are presenting with, the things that brought you to see a healthcare provider. Most patients, when they are most people and they feel perfect, they don’t wake up and say, ‘Oh gee, I ought to go see one of my health care providers because I feel so good today and I ought to find out why.’ But they come because they have a series of complaints. So the triggers could do things like maybe an automobile accident or maybe a severe trauma that you have had, a psychological trauma with a partner, a spouse, or a child. It maybe be an infection. It may be that you just were put on a certain medication, that you are having an adverse response to it. Maybe an environmental exposure so these are the triggering agents that then are the exacerbators, like the straw that broke the camel’s back.

The triggers then produce a series of what we call mediators in the body. Mediators could be different hormones, it could be inflammatory cytokines, it could be different types of things that relate to our body’s immune response that you can measure through laboratory testing. So these mediators are your body’s response to the triggers that laid on top of your antecedents. And then those then produce your signs and symptoms of different severity, duration, and frequency. The evaluation of that whole story that I have just described, antecedents, triggers, mediators, signs, and symptoms, gives rise to an understanding of the patient’s story. And the patient’s story is the most important part of this whole differential assessment that the functional medicine provider uses. Now, maybe that story will ultimately lead you to say that we can call the story diabetes. But it is diabetes of a unique type that is unique to that person, that needs their own type of intervention because of 100 diabetic patients there are 100 different stories with the same diagnosis.

So this is how one would come about developing a relationship with a functional medicine provider versus an individual that might just say, ‘Oh, you have diabetes. Okay, so you’re going to get metformin and you’re going to get Actos. That’s the drugs of choice.’ In this case, we are looking at a much more deep and broader relationship between why your blood sugar and insulin-related glucose problems are presenting based upon your own antecedents, triggers, mediators, signs, and symptoms.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And having been through this process myself, I would say that something that comes across very different from the first part is that the question I was put to first when I went through the process was I was asked when was the last time you felt completely well? And I think the answer to that comes back very differently to when you go into a traditional doctor’s office and I had to think back and I was like, ‘Well, actually, this has been going on for over ten years. There were some tiny things that were going wrong many, many years ago.’ So I think that is an interesting question and it really starts the whole discussion on a completely different level. Is that the typical question that would be asked.

[Jeffrey Bland]: Yes, I think you will notice in my book that the first questionnaire in the book asked that very question – do you feel your health has changed significantly within the last year? That is a very, very important question because it helps us to understand the trajectory towards change, the change in health which is related to functional change, which is related to there is something going on that your genes didn’t change in that year. Something happened to how your genes are expressing their function. And then we start asking the questions from there. So yes, that is a very first-level, important question.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thank you very much. Now, how does this connect with what we call more quantified aspects of this in terms of lab tests or any other diagnostic tools. Is there a typical first stage in looking at lab tests? Are there kind of favorite areas of testing of functional medicine? What kind of things would you say are important in functional medicine when it comes to the testing aspect?

[Jeffrey Bland]: Well, I think this is a little bit like the layers of an onion. We start off with the easiest and the least expensive things first, which is a good assessment using the antecedents triggers, mediators, signs, and symptoms approach that is unique to functional medicine. You can do that by questionnaires and these are kind of pen and paper pieces of information and many of those questionnaires have been included in my book and also what I call physical assessment. And their functional medicine provider is very skilled in understanding how to assess nutritional inadequacy with presenting signs and symptoms and how to assess different immune-related dysfunctions so you have a good physical and history evaluation and start there. That is the least expensive and the least invasive.

Then the next level would be to say okay, we have identified certain areas, let’s call it a gastrointestinal area, where you have got recurring irritable bowel syndrome or you have got all upper GI dyspepsia where you have reflux disorder or something of that nature, so you have certain kinds of information around a particular area of the body that is experiencing problems and you want to get more information about what is the nature of that functional difficulty. Now, you would go into more detailed testing.

So for GI problems you might do a stool test to evaluate whether there are funny bacteria that are producing what we call dysbiosis and causing inflammation of the of intestinal tract, you might do a certain type of blood test looking at different types of inflammatory agents like high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, which is a marker of inflammation. So you then start to put together a series of questions as a practitioner that would be the questions that you think are most important as you try to decipher that patient’s individual problem, always remembering that you want to keep the cost of your assessment to the lowest level possible so you don’t throw the whole kitchen sink and you start to layer on the testing as you are making your discovery. And you may have if it is a very complicated, sophisticated case, it may require more testing and you may have to do fatty acid testing, amino acid testing, immune testing, and there may be all sorts of heavy metal testing. So there could be a whole range of different things you layer on, depending upon how sophisticated the problem that person is presenting with.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Thank you. Are there any particularly, amongst functional medicine providers, any particularly popular areas of testing or specific tests that you may have seen provided more value over time and then are kind of your go-to tests which you tend to find more information there and find them more useful?

[Jeffrey Bland]: Yes, I think there are. I think that you could start with probably the most common and also one of the most informative and that is to test glucose tolerance that person has. And this is how insulin is working in their body. So this would be, starting with a simple blood test of blood glucose and what is called hemoglobin A1c, to see if they have a problem in managing their blood sugar and managing their insulin reactivity in the body, and they probably would also want to measure in their blood what’s called triglycerides and we would want to measure HDL, the so-called good cholesterol. But that portfolio of tests that was specific to insulin would help us to identify whether that person might have an insulin resistance and a glucose intolerance. So if they had an elevated blood sugar, they had an elevated hemoglobin A1c, they had an elevated triglyceride and a low HDL, we would say, ‘Oh, now that is a person that has a form of what is called metabolic syndrome and we would want to start managing their therapeutic approach, the functional approach based upon the fact they are insulin resistant.

For another person, it might be that they are presenting with, as I mentioned, a long history of gastrointestinal-related problems. So in that person we would be more interested in maybe focusing on doing what is called a comprehensive stool analysis to look for things that are going on in the digestive system that are related to dysbiosis, inflammation, and food or toxic response. For another person, it might be that they have headaches and cognitive dysfunction and dysphoria and kind of depression symptoms and low energy. And we might think that sounds like a person that is more likely to be toxic so we would want to do something related to toxicity testing and probably do assessments of their liver’s ability to detoxify foreign chemicals.

All of this, by the way, I have described in the book in different chapters as to how you put this together. But based upon the presenting signs and symptoms that a person has, it helps guide the individual as to what the specific quantified information they would want in order to make their assessment.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Thank you very much for that and I would like to take a bit of a case example with detoxification because I think this is an area in which traditional medicine tends to address less and functional medicine tends to consider more strongly and look more at. So it would be nice to, as you say in your book, you go into each of the seven areas in a lot of detail. And you give a lot of good case studies, which is very helpful to connect to what is going on there. So in a detoxification case what kinds of things that you were just talking about, liver tests and so on, what kinds of things would you look at first to understand if someone had a level of toxicity of toxic burden that they had to deal with and that was potentially causing their symptoms?

[Jeffrey Bland]: I think there are two types of testing that are done for toxicity and its relationship to the body’s ability to detoxify. The first is to look at the presence of toxins in the body and there are a variety of different types of testing protocols or tests themselves that actually measure the level of things like [inaudible 00:41:25] or heavy metals like cadmium or mercury or lead or arsenic or aluminum that can induce toxicity. So these would be examining the presence of toxins in the bladder, in the urine, or in the sweat or fatty tissue. And the other type of test is to look at the individual’s ability to detoxify and our detoxifying system is controlled principally by two very unique enzyme systems that are present in our body. One are called the [inaudible 00:42:00] enzymes and the other are called the conjugase enzymes. And they reside to a great extent in the liver but they are found in virtually every other tissue in the body as well, including the gastrointestinal tract where these enzymes sort of clamp on to these foreign substances and to detoxify them and be able to eliminate it in a nontoxic form, even in the urine and the stool, to get them out of the body. And people have a significant difference in their detoxifying abilities from person to person. this has to do with both differences in their genes and their genetic ability to detoxify. One might have what we call a fat detoxifier effect for certain chemicals. Another might have a slow detoxifier effect. And secondly it has to do with how they have treated their detoxifying systems. In other words, have they eaten the right foods with the right nutrients that are necessary for the support of those detoxifying systems? Nutrients like magnesium, the B vitamins, Co-enzyme Q-10, N-acetyl-cysteine – these are nutrients that are known to be very important for support of our detoxification system.

So the detoxifying ability of our body is really related to how much toxin are we exposed to and what is the relative effectiveness of our detoxifying system in the body to get rid of them? And so we can have too much exposure or too little detoxifying ability, both of which leads to a state of chronic toxicity. I call it metabolic poisoning. And this condition is not so obvious that the person is acutely toxic, like you would have from a poison like strychnine, but the symptoms are often seen by what I call chronic both immune and nervous system toxicity. These are the two most sensitive functions of our body to toxicity. One is our immune system and the other is our nervous system. So the signs and symptoms that are seen with chronic metabolic toxicity are focused around neurological symptoms.

So this has to do with depression and sleep disturbances and foggy brain, where a person can’t think clearly – low energy and various forms of cognitive dysfunction where they can’t manipulate numbers or quick ideas as effectively as they used to. With immune toxicity it has to do with an immune system that is kind of working against itself. You have inflammation present and you also have increased rates and various risk to infectious organisms, viruses, and bacteria, so that the combinations of those symptoms often is associated with this cellular toxicity for which then the appropriate detoxification program for that patient that is based upon their own unique case can lead to extraordinary benefit and improve their function.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Thank you very much because I think also the area of toxins and detox – if you are working in a health store today – I am in LA and places like [Air One 00:45:14] or Whole Foods, there is a whole range of detoxification supplements. There are aspects of the products in the shops like alkaline water and so on. There are a lot of products now that are focused on helping to detox, but I feel like there is a fair amount of a lack of rigor in a lot of the scientific basis for a lot of these.

One of the areas that I have heard you talk about at the detox summit, which I thought was particularly interesting, is the topic of alkalinity, which comes up a lot. There is a lot of alkaline water that is sold in shops, for instance. And it is said that if we take in more alkaline we make our bodies more alkaline, and it helps us to detox better. What is the scientific basis for that and is it actually true? What kind of things can be done in reality if it is effective to actually make that change?

[Jeffrey Bland]: Alkalinity is related to the balance between acids and bases in the body. And for those individuals that are not necessarily up on their human physiology our body, in its natural state, if you look at the blood it is slightly more basic than it is acidic. It has what is called a pH, which is a measure of acid and base characteristics, and if it was perfectly balanced it would be a pH of 7, that is neutral. A number higher than seven means it is slightly more alkaline and a number lower than seven means it is slightly more acid. The lower the number goes, the more acid, and the higher the number goes, more alkaline. And the body’s pH is around 7.37 in the blood, which is slightly alkaline, slightly higher than neutral, which is seven.

The situation in terms of chronic illness is that often cells or tissues have pH that is lower than 7.37, meaning they are shifted towards a more acid side slightly, not into what we call metabolic acidosis, which is an acute situation that can be life-threatening, but just a slight shift in the alkaline balance. And this is a consequence of a whole series of metabolic effects that shift the pH of cells slightly towards a more acid side. When I say slightly towards a more acid side what I really should say is a less alkaline side.

The detoxification of the process that occurs within cells in the liver and other tissues requires a pH and a balance that is more close to 7.37. It likes that more alkaline state for optimal detoxification function. If a person has a poison in their cells, that poison often shifts their cellular pH to the more acid side, less alkaline. And there are many studies that in poison centers that have shown that if you administer an alkalizing agent to that person, and this could either be done intravenously or orally, meaning given something by mouth like sodium citrate or sodium bicarbonate, these are alkalinizing substances and it will then improve their detoxification ability.

Now, in the case of chronic metabolic toxicity you don’t need to use – and obviously administration into your blood of an alkalizing agent – but an alkalizing diet can be very, very helpful and these are basically vegetable-based diets. Animal-based diets tend to have an acid residue and they tend to be acidifying. Vegetable-based diets rich in plant foods tend to have an alkaline residue and tend to be alkalizing. And so you can use plant foods, a plant food diet and more vegetables and fruits in alkalizing or you can also use supplementary alkalinizing substances like sodium bicarbonate or sodium citrate, other things that will slightly shift your body’s balance more towards the alkaline state. And that will help improve your detoxification ability.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. So a couple of clarifications on some of the things that you spoke about there. You were talking about the blood pH 7.37 and if we wanted to measure this slight acidity change that you spoke about, is it possible run lab tests on the cell pH and the tissue pH? You were talking about those verses blood, which I believe blood is always kept roughly at 7.37 and it doesn’t actually change and it is just the cells and the tissues that actually change. Is it possible to quantify that and is it a very slight change or are we talking about 7.1, 7.2? So it is kind of like a [inaudible 00:50:02] test to understand that?

[Jeffrey Bland]: Yes it is, and I am talking here about very slight changes. More acute or more dramatic changes are associated with life-threatening conditions because your body needs to stay within a very close range in its pH in order to function, or the muscles can’t work correctly and the brain can’t work correctly. Your heart can’t fire correctly so if you change too much in your pH you can have very, very serious problems. So we are talking about very small shifts in cellular pH. As it relates to technology, yes, there are research technologies and there are probes, cellular probes, that can be used to measure intracellular pH. But these are not standard diagnostic pieces of equipment.

So most of the time an assessment of pH is really built on clinical signs which can be things like muscle cramping or things like in the case of moving acidosis you have people whose breath changes, it becomes sweet and acidotic. You have people who have difficulty with chronic pain that is often associated with a slight shift in pH. You know about lactic acidosis that we call the muscle pain and fatigue-related problem that occurs in the marathon and heavy exercise. There is chronic lactic acidosis that is associated with this as well as chronic muscle pain. So these are more common types of things that I think one uses for assessing pH balance versus using a specific diagnostic laboratory procedure.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thank you for that clarification. The other important aspect I have seen about alkalinity is there is a lot alkaline water for sale now in a lot of the shops. From your perspective, does that help to change the cellular pH? Is that beneficial at all or is there no science behind that?

[Jeffrey Bland]: Well, I haven’t seen a lot of good research on it. I mean, a lot of these things that we see that are being sold commercially – I have a theory of interest but in practice there is no real clinical data to support their expense. And when we start looking at some of the cost and benefit relationships, the cost is reasonably high and the benefit is not so obvious. So I am a little bit skeptical of some of these claims that are being made.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Thank you very much. Another important topic and one that has always been relatively confusing to me on my journey of getting better is healing crises, or detox crises. Supposedly when we are detoxifying sometimes we have to go through this period of feeling worse in order to feel better. What is your perspective on that?

[Jeffrey Bland]: Yeah, I think that is another very interesting observation, having been involved with this field of metabolic detoxification now for the better part of 30 years and published many papers and seen literally thousands of different patients under controlled studies in detoxification over those 30 years. I have come to the recognition that the concept of a healing crises we ought to drop the term ‘healing’ and just call it ‘crisis.’ There is no such thing as a healing crisis. When you are in crisis if you have acute symptoms that is not a good thing. That is the body saying you are overdoing it.

A properly designed detoxification program does not produce a crisis. It may produce transient symptoms, it may produce a feeling of spaciness on the second or third day, ravenous hunger for a couple of days until you get your body adjusted. It may even have things like joint pains and headaches that occur, but these are not a crisis. They should be easily manageable and if they are not then that program that you are using for detox is inappropriate and it needs to be modified.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Thank you very much. What kinds of things could bring this on? Through my journey I was going through a lot of healing crises until actually I came across you talking in the detox summit. I finally got the answer to this question which I had been asking a lot of people for a long time about these healing crises, and if it is necessary or not. It makes it very hard to understand if you are getting better or if you are getting worse, so I think it is very confusing for a lot of people on their journeys, no matter the condition.

So in terms of where this comes from, since I learned about this – I don’t get healing crises anymore and it is really great. It is obviously a great benefit to the patient, and it keeps them more motivated as well. And from your perspective where is the healing crisis coming from? Is it something specifically that hasn’t been addressed and needs addressing? Are there a couple of routes that need addressing or is there some simple way of looking at that?

[Jeffrey Bland]: I think so. the model that I have used, which I believe is factually correct, is that a person who is overloading their body’s detoxification system through a detox program, meaning that they are releasing more toxins from stored fat tissue or within the body than their detox system can manage, now what they are getting is an amplified toxicity. It is actually their body is now toxic because they are not able to manage the toxins that they are releasing. And so the way that you prevent that is to slow the release of toxins and to increase the body’s detoxification program or detoxification ability.

That is why I am not a big believer in fasting as a focus for detoxification. Because I think in fasting you get into nutritional depletion and that then lowers your body’s detoxification ability and makes you more vulnerable to the toxins that you are releasing to produce toxic symptoms. So the approach that we developed starting back in the early 1990s through the studies that we did was to make sure a person is getting augmented levels of the specific nutrients that are necessary for supporting the phase one and phase two detoxification processes and obviously getting proper fluids so they are flushing out these materials and not storing them in their body, these liberated toxins, and that they are taking in adequate calories, particularly in the way of specific protein that is necessary to support the proper detoxifications.

So it is not a fasting, it is what I would call a modified detoxification, clean, nutrient-rich dietary program. What that leads to over the course, in our experience, of 14 to 20 days is an extraordinarily successful with lower adverse signs and symptoms in the patient or the person getting clean. And when they get clean, they know it. They think clearly, the act clearly, the sleep better, they have more energy, the chronic pain is reduced. If you have never been through that it is hard to describe those feelings to a person until they have done it. It is an amazing experience.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thank you very much. Rounding off the interview now and thank you very much for your time. It will be very great to get these details on the basis of your book. There is one thing about functional medicine that I have found as I have been kind of going through my journey is that there are lots of different providers of tests today. There are lots of different labs with Doctor’s Data, Metametrix, Genova Diagnostics, BioHealth – there are many different providers at the moment. And it seems a little less regulated than traditional medicine where – I mean, everything seems to go to [Lab Corp 00:57:19] or some other big lab that may be a bit more standardized. And the measures on the tests are also different.

So I think for many people that can be – for instance, if you go to several different functional providers, functional medicine providers, they are maybe going to favor different tests and so on. So could you talk a little bit about the journey of functional medicine in terms of using lab testing and where you think it is going and what kind of stage it is? Do you see it as anything that needs to happen going forward in terms of standardization or anything like that?

[Jeffrey Bland]: Yes, I think obviously many of these tests that we are talking about or we have alluded to are especially tests – it doesn’t mean that they are unregulated and they don’t have standards of identity, it just means that they are not in the standard and customary tests that all physicians use, like you would have if you went to your doc and had a physical exam and they did a blood test and you had 30 different things in your blood analyzed. Those would be kind of your standard things. So these are more specialized tests that are used within the functional medicine practitioner environment. And this is one of the reasons that I really think it is very useful for a person if they move down this road and as they get more into tuning up their health that they have a functional medicine provider as their ally because these are things that have been skilled in the art and have been trained to know what to use and how to interpret these tests and not to just assume that testing just for testing’s sake is beneficial. It is the right test for the right person or the right set of circumstances, and then the right interpretation of the results.

So my belief is that testing is part of the functional medicine model but it is not the functional medicine model in itself. Much of what you can learn about a person doesn’t need testing, it needs the right way of asking the questions. And that is what I have tried to bring out in my book. The questions you ask determine the answers you get. If you never ask the questions you are never going to get those answers. So it is all about the asking about the patient’s story, understanding the patient’s story, in which then specific tests become part of a defining of I guess taking the hypothesis to understanding so that you can design a specific program for that person. It is going to meet their need and lead to the health outcome that they are desiring.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, thank you very much for that. So looking forward is there anything that you are excited about, say the next five or ten years, about the use of biomarkers in functional medicine? Do you see any opportunities in the future where it will be more like looking at epigenetics or anything new on the horizon that might help functional medicine practitioners to get better diagnoses or help people better monitor their health and so on? Is there anything interesting you see ahead or that you would like to turn up in the future?

[Jeffrey Bland]: Absolutely so, and this is actually a wonderful place to kind of bring our discussion to a close because really I think it is real time. We are in a health revolution right now that is second to none. This is equivalent in its extraordinary discovery periods to that of the turn of the last century when the origin of infectious diseases was discovered as caused by microbes. And then from that therapy antibiotics were developed, which really transformed healthcare. We are having that same extraordinary revolution in thinking right now and it is around how we are going to manage chronic illness based upon these characteristics of dysfunction. And there are three intersecting changes that are occurring right now that I think are absolutely revolutionizing this field.

One we have talked about and that is the ‘omics’ revolution – genomics, proteiomics, metabolomics, that really allow us to analyze certain aspects of how are genes are expressed and how they are able to be induced to produce good health through activating our resilience genes. And every one of us has some areas of our genetic weak spots. Unfortunately most of us have – in fact, I would say everyone, has resilience genes that can kind of neutralize our response if we turn on our resilience genes. So I think that this particular period that we are undergoing right now in discovery is helping us to understand what are those characteristics and how do we measure them? Soon virtually everyone will be able to have a full gene analysis done, the full genomic analysis, for the cost of a normal lab test, probably somewhere in the range of less than a thousand dollars and eventually for a few hundred dollars. And that will ultimately become insurance reimbursable and we will all have the ticker tape of our genetic information.

That, coupled with the internet and social media where information is now being communicated, transferred, and analyzed in ways never before so that it gives power to the person to own their own genetic information, their own personal health information. And then lastly, big data now in the cloud with what is called informatics that is allowing these huge amounts of new data to be made available to people to be analyzed in such a way that it becomes sensible and a person knows what it means, not just a bunch of ones and zeros but actually operational and instructive about a person’s own personal health program.

Those three things, which we used to think were way out in the future are now happening in real time. The wearable devices that we have like FitBits and Jawbones and so forth and the new devices that are coming out to measure all sorts of biometrics and how that data that each one of us generates about ourselves each day goes to the cloud and gets analyzed and comes back to us and helps us to assess what we need to do to be healthy throughout the course of our life. It is a disruptive innovation that is changing healthcare. And we are all living through it right now. We have a generation of kids that are all social media savvy. They are very comfortable with sharing things that their parent’s generation never was willing to share about their health and their genes. And all of this is transformative.

Within the next ten to twenty years the rules of the road that we have lived with upon doctor’s owning information and everything is about disease diagnosis and all of that is going to go away. We are being replaced with a whole new system that will emerge underneath us with the kids that are growing up in the video game revolution and social media and the age of genomics. That will be transformative.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Well thank you Jeffrey, that sounds like a very exciting future and that fits very well with what we talk about often on this show. So it is certainly what I am excited about as well. Thank you so much for your time today, Jeffrey. I know you are a really busy man and I really appreciate your many, many decades of experience in coming on this show and sharing your opinions with us and your ideas.

[Jeffrey Bland]: I appreciate it very much and I hope we have given some good information to your listeners. Thanks a million.

Leave a Reply

Today we’re looking at HRV- endurance training, adrenal fatigue, and future app developments.

If you didn’t listen to it, in Episode 1 we primarily looked at resistance training, or weight training.

Today we also look at some scenarios where the HRV metric can be confounded where an increase in it is not good, how it can be used to identify possible adrenal fatigue and how to improve its accuracy by combining it with Resting Heart Rate and qualitative measures.

Today’s guest is Simon Wegerif who founded ithlete, the first HRV app company, which appeared 5 years ago in 2009. In comparison to Andrew Flatt, whose focus was resistance training, Simon has a background in primarily endurance training and it was for this he originally became interested in HRV.

Since 2009, through working with its client base including a range of pro and amateur athletes and everyday gym goers, and now universities in connection with studies, ithlete has evolved its app to cater for specific scenarios like adrenal fatigue and understanding how individual factors are impacting training. Simon has been diligent in staying up to date with the research and adapting the ithlete app to take advantage of it as it evolves.

The show notes, biomarkers, and links to the apps, devices and labs and everything else mentioned are below. Enjoy the show and let me know what you think in the comments!

itunes quantified body

Show Notes

  • The status of research on Heart Rate Variability and some of the issues to overcome such as standardisation.
  • HRV as a predictor of endurance performance – now as effective as running times?
  • Using “Active Recovery” to recover quicker from endurance and resistance training.
  • True overtraining vs. non-functional overreaching – how to improve training results by understanding how HRV indicates these two .
  • How to diagnose potential adrenal fatigue with a combination of HRV and RHR (resting heart rate) metrics.
  • The one situation where you don’t want your parasympathetic to become dominant (or your HRV to be high).
  • The need for HRV benchmarks to be established in order to compare your “health future” to others and as a proxy for aging.
  • The Palo Alto Prize spurring on new investment in research to improving longevity based on using HRV as a feedback mechanism for experiments.
  • Using yoga breathing (Pranayama) to increase Heart Rate Variability by up to 5 points within a few days.
  • The biomarkers Simon tracks on a routine basis to monitor and improve his health, longevity and performance.
  • Simon’s one biggest recommendation on using body data to improve your health, longevity and performance.

Give some love to Simon on Twitter to thank him for this interview.
Click Here to let him know you enjoyed the show!

The Tracking

Biomarkers

  • Heart Rate Variability (HRV): Measures how your heart rate varies over time. Research studies link HRV to recovery status, stress and other aspects of human physiology.
  • Resting Heart Rate (RHR): Measure of your heart rate at rest (typically measured upon waking).
  • Calories: We discussed the merits of measuring calories in and out, the current hype cycle around ‘calorie counting’ apps and devices, and its relationship with weightloss.

Apps and Devices

  • ithlete HRV App: The app Simon developed which includes some of the RHR and adrenal fatigue functionality discussed during this episode.
  • Polar H7 Bluetooth Smart Heart Rate Sensor: A chest strap heart rate sensor that works with the ithlete and other HRV apps (Damien uses this one).

Simon Wegerif and ithlete

  • ithlete: Simon’s company and the HRV app with the same name.
  • You can also connect with Simon on twitter @SimonWegerif.

Other People, Books and Resources

Resources

People


Full Interview Transcript

Transcript - Click Here to Read
[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Hi, Simon. Thank you very much for making time today to come on the show.

[Simon Wegerif]: No problem, Damien. Really good to talk to you.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: What I thought we would first do is quickly, where does ithlete fit in with the world of HRV apps and development, from your perspective?

[Simon Wegerif]: Okay, well, ithlete was the first HRV app available, and when I first started getting really interested in HRV, which was early 2009, I decided it was so interesting to me as an engineer by background, but also a keen recreational endurance athlete, trying to make the most of my own somewhat limited abilities, that the iPhone was just being launched early in 2009, and talking to a couple of people, I was looking for ways to realize my hopeful invention of a convenient, simple-to-use, but accurate HRV measuring device. And people said, you know, why don’t you do it as an app in the iPhone? So I started thinking about that, and I made that my target during 2009, and got the prototypes all done on an iPod Touch, and at that time, I think it was IOS version 2 was just coming out, so we were easily the first to bring even accurate heart rate measurement onto the iPhone, let alone HRV. So we’ve been doing this for a little while now, and the product, I think the current version of the app is relatively mature because of that.

It’s also — being the first gives you some advantages in the early — doctors in research started looking at it quite early on, and we’ve now got some good quality validation studies that have been done that show, in fact, the ithlete measurement to have an almost perfect correlation with the gold standard of ECG, which we’re very happy about. The ithlete finger sensor has also been validated.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great. Well, you have three sensors. You’re using the finger sensor, the Bluetooth heart rate chest straps, and isn’t there another one?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yeah, the other one was actually the original one, Damien, so in the early days of the iPhone, there wasn’t any convenient and reliable way of getting a heart rate signal into the phone, so I designed a little adapter, a plug-in adapter which would go into the headset socket, which I still think was a good choice, because headset sockets are available, you know, on pretty much every phone, and the way they’re connected has remained standard, now, for three or four years. So it’s a little device which users can take from one phone to the next, be that iPhone, Android, or even Windows phones, if we do an app version for that. And that little receiver picks up the signal from the Polar type of chest strap, and, of course, that Polar transmission system has been around since the early 1980s, so there’s an awful lot of products in the market that support that.

In fact, although Bluetooth [Smarties 00:05:56] is, in many ways, the state of the art, and the finger sensor is the most convenient, we still sell a lot of the — what we call the little ECG receivers because of the massive installed base of Polar type straps and systems.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay, great. So I know you stay up-to-date with the research, and you’ve been following this since 2009 or before, so could you give us a bit of an overview, from your perspective, of the research? How much is there related to HRV? Where are the strongest areas, and, you know, how you look at it?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yeah, I think if you were to put heart rate variability into PubMed, which is the — you know, the recognized research database of peer-reviewed papers, I think you’d probably get about 14,000 hits. So there’s an awful lot of peer-reviewed research which has been done on HRV.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Do you mean 14,000 papers, separate papers?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yes, 14,000 separate papers, yeah.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great.

[Simon Wegerif]: Which is quite a high volume. A lot of that is focused on disease state, so looking at autonomic dysfunction, for instance, in diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and a lot of other disease states like that, but there is a fair body of research studies on sports performance and health as well. During my preparation for designing the ithlete app, I read about 500 papers during 2009, and I’ve now got about 1,000 in the collection, my collection that I’ve read.

Some of the papers have got some strikingly good methodologies and breakthroughs, and others are a bit weaker. I think one of areas where heart rate variability research has not done itself any favors is not standardizing in units or protocols. For instance, things like the duration of the measurement, the units that are going to be used, the position of the subjects, whether they’re lying down, walking around, standing, sitting, what are they doing. There hasn’t been much standardization there, I think partly because a standards document was never adopted in the industry.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So one thing I noticed about your ithlete app when I was playing around with it was that when you’re taking the reading, it’s got the breathing timer. It’s got this circle that moves up, in and out, with your breathing, which I thought was great to try and standardize that aspect a bit better in terms of how you’re breathing and just keep more rhythmic and controlled every time you’re doing it, instead of different. Is that why you put it in there, or?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yes. Breathing has a very important impact on heart rate variability, so when we talk about HRV, particularly in sports performance and everyday health use, we nearly always mean parasympathetic HRV, and parasympathetic HRV is primarily dependent on breathing. In fact, the HRV is caused as part of the breathing feedback loop with the brain. So as you breathe in, your heart rate gets faster; as you breathe out, your heart rate gets slower. And it always seemed to me, as an engineer, that unless you’re controlling your breathing in some way, that your HRV measurement process is going to be somewhat unpredictable, if you’re just relying on a breathing pattern which is uncontrolled. So controlling that breathing, but without creating stress, hopefully, in the user is the objective here, because everyone who knows much about HRV will know that stress lowers your HRV. So we don’t want to stress the person during the measurement, but we do want them to have a constant breathing pattern, and hopefully the ithlete breathing pattern is something that’s evolved over three generations of the app now, and we hope that people find it peaceful and relaxing to use.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, it’s kind of like this pulsing heart thing. I found it relaxing, and it’s just nice to have an indicator. Because I’ve used other apps, and, you know, they don’t have that. So every time you’re probably breathing a little bit differently, but you don’t notice it. So I thought it was a nice touch. Thanks for that overview.

So, you’ve done a lot of work in the endurance and aerobic areas. We haven’t looked at that yet on the show, so that’s what I’d like to explore a bit more with you. Any idiosyncrasies or differences compared to weight training, which we’ve looked at quite a lot with Andrew Flatt in the past. How would you say that it differs from weight training in the way HRV relates to endurance?

[Simon Wegerif]: Well, one thing, as a segue or a link from the body of research on HRV, Damien, is that a lot of the studies in the sports performance area have actually been done with endurance sports. So they’ve been done with running, cycling, rowing, cross country skiing, because, of course, Finland and the Nordic area has been one that has done a lot of adoption and research into HRV. So there is — the body of research in endurance sports is strong. It’s also something that I’ve been personally interested in, because one of the reasons I created the app originally was to improve my own performance, originally, in triathlon, but lately in long distance cycling.

And so HRV, interestingly, has been something which is really quite well proven and quite well applied to endurance sports. And one of the things about some of the research that’s come out in the past couple of years has been the very good correlations between changes in HRV and changes in performance. So there have been studies done at the national level on French swimmers where they measured their HRV before doing a weekly 400-meter pool time trial, and they found the correlation was so good between the individual’s change in HRV and their variation in performance on the Thursday time trial, that they said one or the other is good enough here. So if we measure their HRV, they don’t need to do the weekly time trial to assess performance improvement.

And a key researcher in this field also, Martin Buchheit, also found when club runners were training to improve their performance in 10K races, that only the runners that improved their HRV during — I think it was an 8-week training program. Only the ones that improved their HRV, improved their running times. The ones whose HRV didn’t improve, their running times didn’t improve, either.

So there’s been some very clear findings in the endurance area. And I think training guided by HRV is becoming more and more practical for endurance sports as a way of maximizing performance with the training time that’s available, but without risking overtraining.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, right. I know with respect to endurance, we’ve touched on this a bit with Andrew Flatt, he was talking about basically how he would be doing weight training, and his HRV would go down, but if he did a bit of aerobic as well, he would limit how far his HRV would drop the next day. How do you explain that? What’s going on there?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yeah, there’s been a pretty important study that came out, I think it was late last year from a couple of researchers in the University of Queensland in Australia, and again with Martin Buchheit involved, that built on work done by researcher Stephen Seiler, who’s been looking at the way, for instance, marathon, long distance runners have trained in Kenya for many years. And what he observed there is that they tend to follow a polarized approach to training. So the majority of their volume, say 80% of their training time, is conducted at what appears, to many athletes and coaches, to be really quite moderate paces, fully aerobic work. And in fact precisely defined, it’s a level of aerobic work below the first lactate threshold.

So essentially the lactate level in the blood is close to the athlete’s ordinary baseline. And recovery from that kind of aerobic work, although athletes can do habitually quite high volumes of that, you know, many hours a week, is very quick. And that’s reflected in HRV. But when you go above that threshold, then recovery takes much longer to achieve.

So in Andrew’s case, I think what he’s really enforcing is the fact that aerobic exercise really allows rapid recovery, and the fact that the metabolism is accelerated is helping to process the byproducts from the high intensity sessions and perform, essentially, what we call active recovery. Active recovery actually gets you back to baseline more quickly.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Does that reduce the stress, the stimulus to improve your body in any way? We’ve also spoken to, like, Doug McGuff of Body By Science. He talks about inroads, so, you know, one of the things about heavy weight training is you want to create a large enough stimulus to improve strength. So is this in any way — it sounds like it’s reducing, in a way, the stressor. Is that a correct way to look at it? I’m just wondering if that has an impact on how your body tries to compensate.

[Simon Wegerif]: Yeah, it does seem to be having that effect by stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. And the parasympathetic nervous system is good for reducing inflammation, for rebuilding energy stores, glycogen in the liver, for ensuring that oxidative stress is reduced. And the really useful thing about long slow distance or aerobic training in endurance athletes is that it provides a good level of stimulus for mitochondria to adapt. So one of the things you want as an endurance athlete is an efficient metabolism with lots of mitochondria in the muscles, which are able to process fuels and turn those into energy. And what you also want is a metabolism that’s able to use fats as fuels. You know, your store of fats in any body, even thin people, is many, many thousands of calories, and fat is a very efficient way to store fuel. You know, it’s 9 calories per gram. Whereas, carbohydrate is 4.2 calories per gram, and carbohydrate is usually associated with quite a lot of water retained in the body as well. So if you can use fats as fuels, that’s a big advantage.

If you’re running a marathon, then you’ve only got enough glycogen for about — you’ve probably got about 800 grams. You know, you’ve probably got — your total body store is about 3,000 calories, of which your body will probably only allow you to use a couple of thousand, so your ability to supplement that glycogen fuel with fat stores is something that your body learns to do and learns to adapt to when you spend time training aerobically.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, we discussed this with Jimmy Moore. He’s done a lot of work with other people in keto diets and so on involved with training. So, yeah, it’s good for you to make that connection and bring that up in this context.

Okay, so kind of round off the impact — so you’re saying it helps recovery — it helps accelerate recovery by stimulating the parasympathetic system.

[Simon Wegerif]: That’s right, as well as building — building the cardiovascular system and energy stores and energy system to make you — make you efficient, really, and be able to go for a long time.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Are there any cases where we shouldn’t be doing this? If we’re just focused on HRV, it’s like, oh, well, it leads to a higher HRV, so — if we’re always just aiming to increase the HRV, which is part of the discussion I wanted to have today, so should we always be doing that? So if we’re weight training and we can do a little bit of aerobic to increase our HRV, so everyone be doing this?

[Simon Wegerif]: I think everybody should be doing a certain amount of it, but it’s not going to lead to good race pace performance unless it’s also complimented by some high intensity stuff. And the general adaptation syndrome of Selye, which was, you know, written a very long time ago, basically talks about stressing the system and then allowing time for it to recover, and when it recovers, it supercompensates, so the body is stronger than it was before. And high intensity work is a very good way of stressing the body sufficiently that it is stimulated to adapt and supercompensate compared to where it was before. And that’s a necessary component of high performance athletics.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay, okay. So it sounds like everyone — although it’s not going to lead to a higher baseline, by the sounds of it. If we think of we’re trying to increase our HRV over time in terms of kind of aggregate, rather than the ups and down adjustment cycle of just trying to time our training properly, doing a little bit of aerobic with our strength training probably isn’t going to increase the baseline. It just may help us to get back to another workout sooner than later in terms of recovering quicker. Is that a fair assumption?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yeah.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Or would that be, actually, kind of biasing the result, and it would be better to — I guess this area isn’t 100% clear as yet.

[Simon Wegerif]: It isn’t 100% clear. I’m trying to recall my own experience of doing a lot — because I’ve prepared for a pretty long cycling event across the Alps this summer, and I did a lot of hours of fully aerobic training, so I was very careful to keep my heart rate and intensity level below the first lactate threshold, and I accumulated a lot of hours, basically, about 15, 17 hours a week for about four or five weeks of this. I didn’t actually see my HRV baseline rise much. What I did notice was my resting heart rate went down during that period, though, and that was a very clear trend.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay, so let’s talk about that, because I know that’s something very important to ithlete. You track the HR, the resting heart rate, as well, and you use that in your assessment. And you see it as an important part. So what is the HR for you? What is it doing in terms of tracking and helping you to understand performance and recovery and so on?

[Simon Wegerif]: Well, resting heart rate, most people who do training and even people who know about health would recognize that a lower heart rate — a lower resting heart rate is very often a good thing. And most of the time, that it true, because it’s actually the ratio of your maximum heart rate to your resting heart rate that determines your VO2 max. So there is, for instance, a ready reckoner for VO2 max, which is your maximum heart rate divided by your resting heart rate times 15. So, you know, as your resting heart rate decreases, provided your maximum heart rate stays the same or only decreases a very little bit, then your VO2 max will increase.

Now, there are also situations, which can be due to either non-functional overreaching, so some states of overtraining, or even —

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: When we say non-functional overreaching, what does that mean?

[Simon Wegerif]: Well, non-functional overreaching is basically what you might think of as the third stage in progression of training load and recovery imbalance. So the first stage is shock, also known as the alarm stage, which is the body’s healthy response to a new stressor. And during that stage — so you do something intensive, your body is temporarily stressed. It reacts with an increased sympathetic tone, increased output of central stress hormones, increased adrenaline, norepinephrine, cortisol, and if you then allow time for the body to recover, then it supercompensates, and you actually end up you are a little bit fitter than you were before the stressor had been applied.

Now, overreaching is a deliberate imbalance of training and recovery, usually over a short period of time within a periodized block. So a lot of endurance training programs are periodized into a month or a 5-week block whereby you have a progressive overload, then, you know, ending up with a taper or a recovery week. And that is called functional overreaching, because you deliberately continue to stress the body, and then in the last week, you taper, and you supercompensate, and, you know, the benefits of training are imbedded in your system.

If the balance of training and recovery is such that, you know, your body really — it can’t cope with the amount of load that’s being applied, and that can include environmental conditions as well, so that can include bad diet, lack of sleep, all these other things which are, in fact, stressors to your body as well as training, then if, you know, after a short taper period you don’t recover and supercompensate, but you stay in the hole, as it were, then that’s non-functional overreach.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Uh-huh, okay.

[Simon Wegerif]: But people do even go beyond that. It is — yes, it is really — the way I would define non-functional overreaching is that when you take the training load away, you don’t see recovery or supercompensation within a few days or a week.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And does it take much longer, or would you have potentially basically lowered your baseline by overstressing the body?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yeah, and it can take weeks to recover from non-functional overreaching. And non-functional overreaching is still not as bad as true overtraining. True overtraining is really quite a serious condition, and it’s not that common, but it can takes months or even years to recover from. It can —

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: How would you differentiate the two?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yeah, true overtraining, again, is an extension of the states of overreaching, whereby you take away the training altogether, and the individual really remains in a chronically stressed state. I think it is quite rare, although certainly we’ve been contacted on a number of occasions by athletes and coaches who know that they are overtrained. And this is also known as the exhaustion phase in the General Adaptation Syndrome. And the body is basically continually failing to adapt to the chronic stress. And the chronic stress also starts to burn out the adrenal system, so the central nervous system starts to shut down production of central stress hormones. The adrenal glands themselves desensitize.

A sympathetic response is normally quite healthy.You know, when a person needs to have a fight or flight response, they want to be able to turn it on and turn it off again quickly. When somebody’s overtrained, that response is pretty much absent, to be honest.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. We talk a lot about the importance of parasympathetic. In one of our previous interviews, we talked about the fact that most people are sympathetic dominant, mostly because of lifestyle reasons today, and so on. So in the HRV Sense app, for instance, Ronda Collier, she noted that most people have a very high sympathetic in their LF, and their HF tends to be much lower. And over time, they can, you know, look at that for stress and so on. But now we’re talking about also that overdominance of parasympathetic can be a problem? Is that associated with adrenal fatigue?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yes, indeed. Once the body gets itself into this state whereby the sympathetic response is essentially impaired, then — it’s interesting. I mean, that’s a pretty bad state, right? I mean, that’s also a state where protein synthesis becomes impaired, so, you know, muscle damage becomes much more likely. Decreased testosterone and other anabolic markers, increased baseline cortisol, so basically, you know, the body is in quite a stressed state, although it’s sensitivity to the adrenal family of hormones has been reduced. And then, you know, parasympathetic becomes essentially dominant. You swing to a high HRV, which if you weren’t looking at heart rate, you might say that that’s a good state, right?

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, right, right. So let’s be clear. What would the heart rate be doing that’s different to show that this is a negative HRV despite the fact that it’s high?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yeah, so what actually happens is that the resting heart rate decreases pretty significantly compared to your normal range. So all of the ithlete measures are based on solid statistics and smallest worthwhile change and things like that, so we’re always tracking rolling means and rolling standard deviations. We can look at the heart rate and see if that all of a sudden — you know, if that over a short period of time goes much lower than it should do normally, and coupled together with an unusually high HRV, then that is quite characteristic of parasympathetic dominant sympathetic burn out state.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, right. Have you come across many cases of this?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yeah, I’ve certainly see it in myself. We first came across it, because it’s not that well documented, so most of the textbook stuff on overtraining tends to talk about sympathetic dominance, and indeed that is the case through functional and non-functional overreaching. But then, you know, when people keep going, and there are some very motivated type A individuals that keep on going, and they get themselves further into this — into this truly overtrained state, the first time we —

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. So would it be correct to say that your HRV would go down for a while, and if you ignore that, then you might get to this situation?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yes, absolutely. That is exactly what we see.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, right.

[Simon Wegerif]: The first time we noticed this, in fact, was in the beta testing of the original ithlete app in 2009, when we gave it to a national standard runner and triathlete, and he did a three-day running event in Southern England over the South Downs, and he said, ‘Hey, you know what, guys? My HRV was really high this morning, and I’m completely knackered. You know, what’s going on?’ And we started to look into it and talking to some researchers and developed this test, basically, out of that.

And we certainly have seen it a few — you know, a few times. I’ve seen it a couple of times myself. In fact, the day after I finished the Haute Route Alps, which was 1,000 kilometers in seven days across the Alps, I was six hours a day on the bike working quite hard, the day after that, the Sunday, my HRV all of a sudden swung from low, which had been progressively decreasing during the week, and it swung very high, associated with a much lower than normal resting heart rate, and ithlete went — gave me a straight red.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right.

[Simon Wegerif]: So ithlete doesn’t mess about in that situation. It gives your a red card straight away.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: It’s nice that it does that, ‘cause, you know, often I imagine most of the apps don’t pick that up, that scenario. So in terms of a swing of HRV, do you remember your — just to give people an idea, where did it kind of start from baseline, and it lowered steadily to what, and then it jumped up one day?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yeah, I can’t remember the numbers right now. I did do a blog post about it, in fact, so it’s on — yeah, myithlete.com/blog, I did a blog post about my HRV before, during and after this actual event. I think you can go look at that.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That’s good. So we’ll put a link in the show notes to help people. Okay, so this final thing on adrenal fatigue, is adrenal fatigue is a widely discussed topic today, because a lot of people, not just people who are training, but often it’s the weekend warriors, the people who are working during the week, and they got out and have pretty stressful jobs, and then they’re training at the weekends, or they’re doing triathletics and all these other things at the weekends. And there’s this question of when they start getting more and more tired is the adrenal fatigue. Doctors and clinicians argue about this and how to test for it. And many of the tests are considered not ideally accurate, there is saliva test, there is blood tests, and there’s a bit of discussion there. So I’m just wondering whether you think this would be a relevant biomarker, and if you’ve seen anyone try to compare it to some of those other adrenal fatigue tests?

[Simon Wegerif]: I haven’t. A practical test I could recommend for people, though, is if you suspect you might be starting to get adrenal fatigue, then the likelihood is that you won’t be able to manage high intensity exercise. You know, you simply — you hear comments like, ‘I was unable to get my heart rate or my power up into the right zone.’ You will notice that. And it is literally impossible. You just cannot manage the effort levels, no matter how hard you try. So your perceived exertion would go right up, but your metabolism and your body wouldn’t respond to the workload and energy levels that are required.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, yeah. So I noticed, also, that when you were talking about how to notice this, you know, you spoke about an athlete who came to you and said, ‘Look, my HRV’s really high, but I’m feeling terrible. I’m feeling really tired.’ So in ithlete, you have a bunch of indicators that you track whenever you track your HRV for training, in the morning you have sleep, fatigue, muscle, and stress, and mood, and diet. Do these filter into some kind of algorithm, or how are you using these to help people make decisions?

[Simon Wegerif]: They are going to. I mean, at the moment, these are quite widely used subjective metrics, and they are quite useful for tracking overall health and wellness, as well. So at the moment, it’s great for people to record those every morning, and on the ithlete, if they rotate the dashboard around to the landscape chart, they can visually for themselves see correlations between any one of those variables and their HRV, and in my case, I’m really not very good, if I’m lacking sleep, quality or quantity. So, you know, my HRV normally shows quite a good relationship with my sleep score. Other people —

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. Is that the same for everyone, or do people have different weaknesses? You know, the high leverage weakness you’ve got to kind of avoid. So yours is sleep. Mine is probably sleep, too.

[Simon Wegerif]: No, I think people absolutely do have individual characteristics there. It could be stress for some people, or it could be diet in others, if they have particular dietary sensitivities. But what we are just starting to do, right now, in fact, is a cooperation with a UK university on some advanced statistical algorithms which will look for relationships between those individual subjective variables and the HRV over a period of time. So what we hope to be able to do within the next six to eight months or so is to be able to give users feedback and insight into their own data.

I — you know, for me, HRV has always been a journey of personal discovery. I’ve found out things about myself, what my body and my brain likes as assessed by HRV, and, you know, I’ve been able to keep my HRV sort of steadily trending upwards over the five years that I’ve been doing this; whereas, normally it would decline with age. But, yeah, what we want — what we aim to be able to do is to give users insights, exactly as you say, Damien, telling people, you know, over the past month, sleep was the most important factor for you, perhaps again, and diet was the second, and it seems like you’ve been having a lot of stress recently, and that’s been affecting you as well.

So I think there’s potential for this to go quite a long way, including things like, perhaps, looking at all the relationships between everything people are capturing, and then saying with some statistical confidence all of this stuff that you’re capturing isn’t explaining all the variation we’re seeing in your HRV, is there something else? Is there, for instance, travel?

You know, one of our — one of the members of our team just noticed that driving for periods above three hours was causing a big drop in his HRV the next day. So potentially we can also alert people to things that they’re not capturing or not trying to understand right now, but which nonetheless are affecting their health.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, yeah. So, yeah, just to be clear, because I didn’t bring this up before, but these ratings you enter into your app are basically from, you say sleep quality, and you just give a rating from weak — it’s kind of like 0 to 10, right?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yes.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Or you can put very strong, and that’s for each of them. So they’re qualitative measures, but as you say, you’re finding correlations with them, and you’re going to be looking into more of that.

[Simon Wegerif]: Yeah. We turn the position of the slider into a number, like you say, between 1 to 10, and I think that’s a technique — I think that’s called a visual analogue scale or something like that, and the statistics will be using those numbers to determine relations and give people feedback.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, great. Well, [00:35:23] we’ve explore a bunch of new topics and interesting scenarios that we hadn’t come up with before, because you’ve got this user base which is using ithlete. I think what would be interesting is, like, what do you see people mostly using this for, and what are the kind of biggest use cases, and most useful things people are using it for?

[Simon Wegerif]: We’ve got a wide variety of users. We’ve got well over 10,000 users now on the ithlete app, and they really vary. They do vary from weekend warriors to — all the way through to top professional athletes, both in team sports, endurance sports, things like boxing as well, through to health and wellness practitioners. So we certainly get quite a few bulk orders from chiropractors and holistic wellness practitioners and people like that. And I think it’s used for all kinds of things. It’s used by health conscious people who just think HRV is a good metric to track every day, and, of course, it is. It’s a sort of holistic measure of adaptation reserves or overall well being. So it’s a great thing for people to track.

I think in the more serious side of sports, people are looking in their training not to have dug themselves into too much of a hole, and they fairly quickly start to take the tool seriously when they get amber and red warnings, and they still go training on those days. They fairly quickly work out that that’s a bad idea, and they start to trust the tool more. We give them feedback on a day-to-day basis.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Is there any scenario where you wouldn’t trust it? I mean, we’ve highlighted one that you’ve identified and you’ve integrated now into ithlete, with that one HRV going up. Is there anything else you’ve kind of got on the horizon? Maybe there’s a couple of other scenarios that need to be looked into?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yes, definitely. One of those is taking readings at an unusual time. So the ithlete algorithms are based on you doing things at the same time every day. Ideally, it should be first thing in the morning, because then you haven’t got additional variables of drinking a coffee or not, or having something to eat, or looking at — opening emails, having an argument, anything like that. Those variabilities all eliminate it. And, of course, another advantage of doing it first thing in the morning is that you can plan the day ahead. So, you know, darn, I got an amber instead of a green, but it’s not too late, I can modify my training or something else that I was going to do today.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, that’s interesting, because in a future episode, I want to have someone talk about willpower, because I’ve read a fair amount about the correlation between HRV and willpower, and, you know, basically motivation and drive. So if I have a low HRV one day, I’m, like, okay, I’m going to take on less and less business tasks today. I’m going to focus maybe on one instead of trying to get five done. I kind of factor in like that. I mean, obviously you’re feeling like that as well, but I’m also kind of aware that maybe I need a recovery day in terms of just taking on work stressors and mental stressors and things like that, in order to be able to take on bigger stuff the next day and so on.

[Simon Wegerif]: Absolutely, or there might be some intervention which will help you a bit. So if I get an amber in the mornings, then I often, you know, I will change my training to an hour aerobic bike ride around a particular route in the local forest that I really enjoy, that, you know, is visually stimulating. And I know that will help me make the best of my current physiological state.

But back to the question you were asking about when would you not trust ithlete, or in fact any HRV product that compares to baseline, and that is if you get up significantly earlier or later than your normal time. So one of the things about the waking measurement is that you are taking it after you’ve had the cortisol awakening response, so basically when light starts to fall on the back of your eyes, even through your eyelids, it kicks off the cortisol awakening response, which basically gets your body ready to get up and start being active again. So it banishes the melatonin, and it starts the sympathetic nervous system to a certain extent, enough to get you out of bed and get moving in the morning.

Let’s say you normally do that at 7 a.m., and then one morning you have to get up at 4:30 in order to catch a plane or something like that. This is something that I noticed quite early on, that my HRV would, in that situation, be much higher than normal.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Ah, because parasympathetic is higher.

[Simon Wegerif]: Yeah, basically. Because my body was still in sleep mode, so the parasympathetic was dominant at that time.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So, basically, the circadian cycle is very important to control for.

[Simon Wegerif]: It is important to control for, and some people — I think everybody, once they realize that, that really your morning measurement should be +/- 45 minutes, something like that —

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So I’m thinking jet lag is — because I just came from Europe to the U.S. a few weeks ago, and my HRV has been a little — I think I was surprised to see how high it was, given how tired I was feeling. So maybe that had some of the impact there.

[Simon Wegerif]: It could do. It could do.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Or do you think you adjust pretty quickly in terms of that cycle?

[Simon Wegerif]: I don’t think you do adjust that quickly. We’ve had so many stories reported back to us over the past few years. An Australian coach has said, ‘I never realized what an impact jet lag had on my body,’ and that was by doing HRV measurements, and he was flying backwards and forwards between Australia, Europe and America. And those are long haul flights. I think one rule of thumb is something like your body needs a day to adapt its circadian rhythm to each hour of time zone change. So if you’re doing all that trans-Atlantic or trans-Pacific travel, you’re going to have a really hard time getting adjusted, and your HRV is going to give you feedback on that.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah. So the only other confounder is basically the issues is controlling for circadian rhythm and other things you’re introducing, like caffeine or those things. But in terms of actual scenarios, the only other one you’ve seen is where you continue to overtrain and eventually get to this adrenal fatigue situation, without introducing — and then the other scenarios are where you’ve introduced either a circadian or some other confounder in terms of stimulant or activity which is influencing your HRV?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yes, I would say so. Water has some interesting effects on HRV. Hydration level is something that — you know, some of the professional teams that are using ithlete, they want to control hydration level.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So are you saying dehydrated would lower your HRV, potentially?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yes, because it stresses the system, so, yes, that will tend to make you more sympathetic dominant. But, of course, that’s something that’s quickly fixable, right? You drink water, and within 15 minutes that HRV will have been restored, because your body absorbs water so quickly. So that will give you a false low.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right.

[Simon Wegerif]: So if you woke up dehydrated and you were normally fully hydrated, you will get a falsely low — I mean, it is a low HRV at that point in time.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: It’s relevant, yeah.

[Simon Wegerif]: But you have to take it — it’s relevant; it’s important, but you don’t have to take it easy the whole day —

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yes.

[Simon Wegerif]: — because recovery from that particular situation can be very rapid. You just drink large glasses of water and you’re right as rain.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: That’s a good point. It’s a momentary HRV lapse, a decline. Are there any other scenarios where there are HRV’s you can quickly addressed? I’m thinking training scenarios. I mean, obviously, there’s, maybe a stress scenario, caffeine and things like that.

[Simon Wegerif]: Yeah, mental stress is important.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So people can account for those kind of things by — hopefully, if they’ve identified it, then they can retake their reading in an hour or so and see if it’s readapted to their usual baseline.

[Simon Wegerif]: Yes, they certainly could do that, yup.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Okay. Well, so you’ve talked about some of the things you’re going to be doing in the future with the algorithm and the correlation. Is there any other future developments and things that you — like, if you’re looking at the whole HRV app space, is there other things you’re looking forward to or that you see could be possible in the future, 5 or 10 years? Where do you see it all going?

[Simon Wegerif]: Well, what I personally hope for is that HRV, it is starting to get credibility now in sports training and sports performance. You know, it’s becoming, thanks to some of the really quality research that’s being done, it’s becoming more and more trusted. I’d like to see HRV trusted as a precursor to Western chronic disease, and in particular I mean conditions like high blood pressure. High blood pressure is an autonomic imbalance disease, and basically high blood pressure can certainly be caused by chronic stress over a period of time, and the blood pressure regulatory mechanism starts to go adrift. But you will see, in the case of not only high blood pressure, but type 2 diabetes as well, that HRV will go out of what ought to be considered acceptable normal ranges months or even years before those diseases take hold.

So what I’d like to see is HRV used as an ongoing wellness barometer, if you’d like. So I’d like to see normality of standards create for HRV measures, and for those actually to be something that people do, perhaps on their own initiative, but something that primary care physicians, general practitioners, etc., are happy to discuss.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, because — I mean, today we take our — if we go to the doctor for a standard checkup, we have our blood pressure and we have our heart rate, standard heart rate taken. What you’re suggesting is potentially HRV could be a better measure, and it should be included in those, if we could be more standardized and stuff, because you’d see it decline steadily over time if there were some chronic issues building.

[Simon Wegerif]: You would, and you would see it declining outside of a normal range. We exhibited — we launched the finger sensor in V3 of the Apple Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas in January. We probably did 200 demos during whatever it is, the three days that CES is on, and we had people who illustrated HRV values which, by looking at them, some of them were predictable, and in some cases, people really needed to pay attention. So we had a very large gentleman who came to see us, who said he got diabetes and he hadn’t been exercising recently, and he got 35 on the ithlete scale. And that shocked even him, because that is a very low number. I mean, that’s an extreme case, but —

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Was that lying down or standing?

[Simon Wegerif]: No, that was sitting. So we did — all of these demos were done with people basically sitting at a table. But I would like to see some normative ranges exist for people. And also by tracking over weeks and months, that they’re able to do what I’ve seemed to been able to do, which is to basically find ways to keep my HRV increasing over the long term as opposed to declining with age. HRV is a very good forward looking indicator, and that’s why I sometimes call it a barometer. You know, it’s telling you about the weather to come, rather than the weather as it is right now. I would like to see it accepted and accredited.

And I think there’s been a useful start made in that area recently. There’s been this announcement about the Palo Alto prize, and that basically is, I think, either a half million or even $1 million award to researchers who can show initially in laboratory animals that they’ve developed techniques which would cause animals’ HRV not to decline over a period of time. The idea is that that will be applied to human studies later on, once the techniques are proven. So HRV is starting to become recognized now as a longevity indicator.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right, right. You wouldn’t have seen it yet, but we also interviewed a guy named Todd Becker who’s very interested in hormesis and aging and longevity, and you might have read his stuff.

[Simon Wegerif]: Yup.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: He plays around with that to increase HRV.

[Simon Wegerif]: I did read it. His article on HRV was excellent, really, really good.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, so he has some interesting points on that. Look out for the interview when it goes up, because it has some relation with this discussion.

So in terms of places where people could go to learn more about this, are there any people or particular journals where you think are good sources of information about HRV?

[Simon Wegerif]: One of my observations about HRV, there’s this massive body of research out there, but unfortunately it’s largely untapped, and I think that’s partly due to the impenetrable nature of medical research language. What we have tried to do is also to summarize a number of what we regard as some of the most important articles. So on the ithlete blog, we have done a number of research summaries where we’ve tried to take — captured the essence of what we regard to be some of the most important papers and put it up there for people to look at.

Also, we’re doing a new website where we’ll be putting more resources in there. I think Todd Becker’s article is an excellent introduction to HRV with a really good — a really good, if you like, approach to experimenting with different interventions on himself to see what made a difference. I think Andrew Flatt is doing some very good work at HRVtraining.com. There are a few sites around. And even Men’s Health carried an article or two on HRV over the past year.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Was that a good quality article, or was it just good that it’s getting the word out there?

[Simon Wegerif]: It’s good that it’s getting the word out there. I think reasonably brief at the moment. But HRV is getting more mentions in the mainstream press, which I think is important.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great. Okay, so I’d like to round off with a couple of personal questions. I always like to get some information about how people like you, who’ve obviously spent a lot of time thinking about data on biology and working with it, actually make use of it. So what kind of data metrics do you track for your own body on a routine basis? HRV, I guess, obviously. But beyond HRV, or in the specific context of HRV?

[Simon Wegerif]: I’m always wrestling with how to quantify my training. So training load is something that’s interesting to me. And I don’t think that any of the existing measures are really adequate.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So is that — are you talking about cycling or — you’re talking about volume?

[Simon Wegerif]: Yeah, that is the point. So training load metrics, there are many of them. So how do you quantify any kind of workout? If it’s cycling, is it miles? Is that a good — is that a good indicator? Is it average heart rate? Is it something about zones, the amount of weighted addition of all the zones you are doing? In team sports, they use RPE a lot, which is rating of perceived exertion. They also do translations from GPS data using group statistics for acceleration levels and running speeds and things like that.

But all of this training load stuff, what are we trying to achieve exactly with respect to — you know, training is all about stimulus and adaptation. From what I can see in endurance sports, there’s two completely different kinds of stimulus that we provide to the body, both of which seem to be necessary, and both of which are very helpful. One is this aerobic stimulus, which some people call the long, slow distance, and the other one appears to be the high intensity stuff. So how should we quantify each of those, other than by observing Kenyan runners who win all the long distances races and seeing what they do? I’m really interested in the science and the biology and the physiology behind that.

There’s all the stuff about calories. How do we measure calories? Why do we measure calories? What exactly are we going to do with that information? That stuff is of interest to me. Calories was of interest, before I did this trans-Alpine cycling, because I wanted to lose weight, but I wanted to do it in a controlled way, and in a safe way as well. So I didn’t actually damage either my health or my sports performance, but I wanted to lose 7 kg, just a stone, a reasonable amount of weight, and I wanted to do it very safely.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: So you focused on calories to do that?

[Simon Wegerif]: I ended up actually focusing on food types. So what I actually did as advised by my good friend, Dr. Mike T. Nelson, was actually just to deliberately introduce a lot more protein into my diet, and basically diet — there’s an easy way and a hard way to diet, and I think the hard way is to think about all the things that you can’t do. And I think the easy way is to introduce good stuff, and that will necessarily push out some of the other things.

And what I mean by that is — Mike’s advice, specifically, was to increase my protein intake dramatically. And one of the ways I chose to do that was by having a big omelet after training in the mornings every day. And that actually makes you much less hungry during the day for snack foods, biscuits, carbohydrates, things like that. I also asked my wife not to buy biscuits and not to put biscuits in the — or cookies in the cookie jar, so that those were just sort of taken out. I was also — with chocolate, I just said I’m only going to have two squares of 70% chocolate a day, and that’s okay. Because 70% cocoa chocolate is so strong that you don’t want lots of it anyway, but it does sort of just satisfy that need.

So by deliberately eating lots of protein, I basically pushed out quite a bit of carbohydrate, and that combined with the volume of training actually tailed my weight down quite nicely.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Right. You make an interesting point in calories, because there’s a lot of devices coming out to measure calories. One of the areas of investment. And obviously that’s been a huge focus for the last 30, 40 years in diet books and so on. However, there’s a fair amount of research now to say that calories are not necessarily the whole thing, input and output, and that it’s a bit more complex than that.

In our discussion with Jimmy Moore a couple of weeks back about focusing on fat. You focused on protein. He focuses on fat intake, and it has the same impact. It satiates you and you tend to lose weight, and you’re not counting calories.

Yeah, so this is arguing whether it is useful to count calories, and these are the kinds of discussions I love to bring up, because especially when the marketing and everything that is out there is saying, ‘Let’s count calories; it’s going to change our behaviors; it’s going to have an impact on our lives.’ But is it really as beneficial as it’s portrayed to be, or are there better methods, like we’re doing — we looked at using the ketonics, which measures your state of ketosis, and as long as you’re staying in a state of ketosis, you’re going to be losing weight. So there’s other approaches to it that may be more useful, depending on what you’re doing.

And the training load thing, I think, is also interesting, and difficult, as you said. There’s not really any measures. We talked to Doug McGuff from Body By Science. He has a very specific protocol which kind of allows to do that, but you have to use that exact training protocol; whereas, I think what we kind of really need to get to is like you were talking about, is we have the metabolic and the strength, or as you call it, the aerobic and the —

[Simon Wegerif]: The high intensity HIT.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: The high intensity stimulus, and how do we quantify those? Is there any way to quantify those so that we can see what stressor we’re getting, and then we can see, oh, we got a decline in our HRV because it was that stressor. Right? And currently you’re trying to do this with qualitative measures, which is pretty much the best I’ve seen that exist today as well. I don’t know — so you haven’t seen anything? It seems you haven’t — on your journey looking for that, you haven’t yet found anything that might be better than a qualitative measure?

[Simon Wegerif]: No. I’m always looking for things which are practical, which people will actually do every day. So anything which is too complex to calculate, people might do it a few times out of interest, but then it’s not going to imbed itself as a habit.

One thing I will say about calories, though. This whole motto of ‘What gets measured gets done.’ So giving people some kind of feedback that they can relate to which motivates them is always important, and whether that’s steps or whether that’s calories, I personally don’t mind, so long as it motivates them to imbed good habits and to reach for smart targets and goals.

What I think the particular problem I have with calories is that, yes, perhaps you can measure calories out, calories expended. Calories coming in is pretty difficult, though, unless you’re really going to spend a lot of time not only looking at the back of food packets and weighing things out exactly, which can be done, but at the end of the day, it doesn’t seem to work out that well, either. I mean —

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: It’s very impractical. It’s very time consuming.

[Simon Wegerif]: It’s very impractical, and it doesn’t actually work out that well. So people who’ve tried to do this very exactly, like Nigel Mitchell, who is the consultant nutritionist for Team Sky and is a very well recognized and respected nutritionist, says that if you do this exercise exactly — so on professional cyclists, they use power meters. You can measure the exact number of joules that they have expended. They can also measure the efficiency of the cyclist in terms of oxygen consumption, they can work out very accurately how many calories in those guys should need, and even if you do do all the food weighing stuff and measuring and everything else like that, the weight balance doesn’t seem to come out exactly as you would have hoped. There’s some quite large inaccuracies in there, one of which I believe is potentially the fact that the calorie numbers on the back of the food packets are achieved by burning the product in pure oxygen and seeing how much heat it gives off, but to what extent does that really represent the way our digestive systems work? And do they always do the same thing with two forkfuls of pasta? Does it matter, you know, what else you’ve got in your stomach at the same time?

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: And your microbiome, which is another interview with recently did. Like, your microbiome can impact how you metabolize the food. So I think it is more than calories, and it seems like the research is steadily going towards that, but it actually seems pretty complex. You know, microbiome, the types of macro and micro nutrients that you’re consuming. But, as you say, if you’re counting calories, you’re potentially looking at helping yourself to behave better, so it potentially could help.

Just, I think there is a device and a crowd sourcing project which is tracking calorie input, so in a more convenient method, I think it’s still in crowd sourcing. I’ll put the link in the show notes, because I can’t remember the name of it, but it would be interesting to see if that one works out. Because, yeah, like noting down everything you eat is not something that I can see people doing for a very long time.

What has been the biggest insight about your own biology that you have drawn to date from any data or anything you’ve tracked?

[Simon Wegerif]: I will tell you, I haven’t mentioned before in this discussion, but it is actually HRV — so HRV biofeedback, which is another — another topic in its own right and may be one that you will cover in a future podcast, but one of the things in my journey to steadily increase my HRV was — I do tend to be quite a driven person. I do tend to get moderately stressed, and my wife is much calmer. She’s been doing yoga for a number of years, and she’s always told me, ‘Simon, you should try yoga breathing.’ And I must admit, I did poo-poo it a bit, until I actually had a chance to meet up with an old friend who was a yoga instructor, and he told me about breathing. And I started to relate that to HRV, and I built myself a little biofeedback app prototype, and that, over a period of just a few days, made a big change upwards in my baseline for about 5 or 6 ithlete points.

And that was a really — that was a really big insight for me, that I could increase my HRV and feel much better quickly by using basically guided, deep diaphragmatic breathing. And there are good reasons as to why that should work.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: You were tracking — you were doing this for, like, what 10 minutes a day or something like this? And you were using an HRV device to see if you were raising it? Or were you just using the HRV for training every day, and just watching it? So it was like an experiment?

[Simon Wegerif]: It was like an experiment. I did my ithlete reading every morning, and then, I mean, you couldn’t help but notice how much it had swung upwards when I started doing this breathing practice. And what I found even more surprising was that when I experimented again by not doing it for a few days, my HRV remained elevated. So it seems to have a chronic effect on upwards HRV. And I think this is a technique that’s got a lot of potential for the future as well.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Yeah, very interesting. Great, great point. Okay, last question. What would be your number one recommendation to someone trying to use some form of data to make better decisions about their body’s health or performance?

[Simon Wegerif]: I think it would be do it consistently. Do it consistently. Preferably, you know, every day or several times a week, and do it for a period of time. And when you’re trying to — if it’s a measure that you’re trying to improve, like HRV, try to change just one thing at a time to see if that thing does make a difference. So just be a little bit scientific in what you do and how you do it. Because otherwise, you know, there’s so much data around now that actually deriving information from that data is in some ways getting harder, because there’s more and more data, more and more variation in it.

[Damien Blenkinsopp]: Great, great point. And yeah, the information overload is going to get worse as time goes on, because there’s so many devices and things coming out. I know I already have too many devices, and I’m trying to decide which ones I focus on. And HRV happens to be one I very consistently do, because it is very rewarding, and I notice the changes.

So Simon, thank you very much for your time today. It’s been a great discussion, and I can’t wait to put this out on the podcast.

Leave a Reply